Chemistry Review Already Graded A
The Building Blocks of Life
Organisms are composed of matter, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is made
up of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
reactions.
Elements and Co...
Chemistry Review Already Graded A
The Building Blocks of Life
Organisms are composed of matter, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is made
up of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
reactions.
Elements and Compounds
Elements are the simplest forms of matter, consisting of unique atoms. A compound is a substance
formed by combining two or more elements in a fixed ratio, exhibiting characteristics that differ from
those of its individual elements. The three most abundant elements in living matter are carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Atomic Structure
Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element. They consist of
subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. Neutrons have no electrical charge, protons have
a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
Isotopes and Atomic Properties
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in the number of neutrons,
resulting in isotopes. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, while the mass
number is the sum of protons and neutrons. The atomic mass is the total mass of an atom, often
approximated by the mass number.
Energy and Electron Shells
Energy is the capacity to cause change, while potential energy refers to the energy stored due to an
object's location or structure. In atoms, electrons occupy specific energy levels or electron shells, which
determine their chemical behavior. Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell and play a crucial
role in chemical bonding.
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