Summary
Summary Module 4.3: Classification and evolution
- Institution
- OCR
OCR biology A level A summary of key concepts ranging from classification systems and variation to adaptations and evolution.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
CLASSIFICAITON AND EVOLUTION Phylogeny- Phylogeny = evolutionary relationships
Classification - Phylogenetic trees show common ancestors
- Linnaean classific, taxonomic groups - Physical characteristics + genetic makeup
Kingdom
- Recent studies of genetic = domain Phylum
- Identify species, charact, evolutionary links Class Phylogeny vs classification
Order
- Species = group of organisms able to - Continuous tree (classification = discrete taxonomic)
Family
produce fertile offspring Genus - Classification mislead = group in same rank not equiv
Species - Different levels of biodiversity + differentiation
Binomial naming system
- Same name in different languages Natural selection
- Easier to share research + understand (no confusion) 1) Genetic variation within species (alleles + mutation)
- Information about relationships 2) Advantageous characteristics to selection pressure ↑
- Identify Genus and species (italics) chance of survival + successfully reproduce
3) Allele passed on down generations, ↑ proportion of
individuals with that characteristic
4) Over time species evolves
Evolution examples
- Antibiotic resistant bacteria – reproduce rapidly +
DNA / mutations occur (survive + reproduce)
- Peppered moths – pale / dark colour, dark ones
survived as pollution turned trees darker
- Sheep blowflies, flavobacterium
Five kingdoms
Prokaryote Variation
- Unicellular bacteria, saprotrophic / autotrophic Interspecific variation = between different species
- No nucleus/membranes - ring of naked DNA Intraspecific variation = withing a species
Protoctista Genetic variation
- Unicellular, autotrophic / heterotrophic 1) Alleles – gene for particular characteristic
- Some have chloroplasts, nucleus + mem organelles 2) Mutations – DNA change proteins, metabolic, charac
- Move by cilia, flagella 3) Meiosis – independent assortment + crossing
4) Sexual reproduction – asexual clone, mutate variation
Fungi 5) Chance – random fertilisation
- Unicellular, saprotrophic
- Nucleus, membrane organelles, cell wall (chitin) Environmental variation
- No chloroplasts / chlorophyll - Plants affected to greater degree as unable to move
- Accident /disease cause characteristic (not inherited)
Plantae - Hard to identify which ‘nature vs nurture’
- Multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthesis)
- All contain chlorophyll, most not move Discontinuous = certain values, genetic factors
Continuous = any value within range, environ
Animalia - Represented in normal distribution curve
- Multicellular, heterotrophic - Mean, median, mode = same
- No cell wall or chloroplasts - Bell, symmetrical (values close to mean)
- Move – cilia, flagella, contractile proteins
1) Standard deviation = data spread around mean
3 domains, 6 kingdoms 2) Students paired t test = compare from same
- ‘3 domain system’ by Woese 3) Students unpaired t test = compare the mean values
- Possible through advances in scientific techniques 4) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = show the
- Nucleotide sequence in rRNA correlation between 2 sets of data
- Eukaryote (80S ribos), archaea (70S ribos), bacteria 5) Margin of error = half the amount of the distance
- Separates prokaryotes base on chem makeup (wall) between graduations (ME = 10g so, 80 +- 5g)
> Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria, extreme env 6) Combining uncertainties = uncertainty of each
> Eubacteria – true bacteria, all environments 7) Percentage error = uncertainty / reading x 100
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller katieg1500. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £5.00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67232 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now