Exam (elaborations)
ArcGIS Exam 1|109 Questions and answers/Distinction Graded
ArcGIS Exam 1|109 Questions and answers/Distinction Graded
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ArcGIS Exam 1|109 Questions andanswers/Distinction Graded
Definition and Components of GIS - -A geographic information system (GIS)
is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and
present all types of geographical data.
The five components of GIS= People, Methods and procedures, Data,
Hardware, Software
-What does GIS do and why is it important? - -GIS integrates various
information and allows us to see the 'whole'. You can layer things like social
factors, biodiversity, engineering, land use, and environmental
considerations all on one map.
Its important because most information has spatial components that we
would like to map.
-Applications of GIS - -Geology, Hydrology and water quality, Business,
crime(hotspots, ranges, types), Emergency response managment, etc....
-History of GIS - --Emerged from cartography and was due to advances in
scientific studies that increased the need from mapping different attributes.
-Development of computers in the 1960s allowed the use of spatial analysis
and quantitative thematic mapping in solving spatial problems.
-ESRI is the leading industry for GIS, started in 1960s
-GIS Functionality - -Not just mapping. GIS can help you find an object,
where something is in relation to something else, how many, how large,
-What makes up geospatial data? - -Location and characteristics of spatial
features. ex. a road: where but also name length, and speed limit.
Aspatial data- only attributes
-Geographic Inquiry Process - -Ask a geographic question
Acquire geographic data
Explore geograaphic data
Analyze geographic data
Act on geographic knowledge
-Basic characteristics of GIS data - -Represent real-world features and their
associated information with maps on a computer.
Maps portray the real world in points, lines, polygons and annotated
features.
,Points- pole, bore hole, river discharge station.
Lines- river, road, rail, trail.
Polygons- village, town, land parcel.
Annotated features- labels attached to features on a map for more specific
information.
-Basic Functions provided by a GIS - -Data entry: Allows data entry from a
variety of sources.
Data management: Provides a means to manage data.
Thematic mapping: Displays data in map/layer form.
Data analysis: Performs data analysis functions for exploring spatial
relationships in and between map layers.
Map layout: Provide map layout functions for creating soft and hard copy
maps.
-Explain Coordinates - -Define the spatial location and extent of geographic
objects
Pair of numbers that specify a location in reference to an origin
ALL SPATIAL DATA MUST HAVE COORDINATES; that's what makes it spatial!
-Describe discrete objects - -Objects that exist in one place and not in
another
Have identifiable boundaries & attributes
Can be present or absent=
Roads
Houses
States
-Describe Continuous Data - -A quantity that exists over the entire map
area
Always present; changes in value from place to place (continuously
distributed)
Elevation
Temperature
Precipitation
-What are the two main data models in GIS? - -Vector data model (discrete)
Raster data model (continuous)
-Define georeferenced - -associate something with locations in physical
space. When you get something to line up well in your map
-Explain Vector data models - --Spatial objects are represented as points,
lines and polygons.
-Points features represent objects with no dimension.
Well, transmission pole, sampling locality.
, -Line features represent objects in one dimension.
Road, rail, river, trail.
-Polygons represent features in two dimensional areas.
Parcel, town, state, lake.
-Explain Vector Dimensionality - -Areas are two dimensional and consist of
lines, which are one-dimensional and consist of points, which are zero
dimensional and consist of a coordinate pair.
-Vector data model attributes - -Each feature is linked to an entry in a data
table containing information about the feature- its attributes
A feature class is a collection of similar objects with same attributes, stored
as a single unit.
-Vector data model Feature class - -A feature class is a collection of similar
objects with same attributes, stored as a single unit.
Stored as spatial features with a table of associated attributes for each
feature.
Because all features must share the same table, all must have the same
attributes.
Feature classes may contain only one type of geometry (points or lines or
polygons).
-Explain Spaghetti data model (Older vector model) - -Objects/ features are
represented and stored independently from each other without any spatial
relationship (missing topology).
-Explain Topology and different types - -Topology describes the spatial
relationships between features
Adjacency (common boundary)
Connectivity (attached)
Overlap (overly each other)
Intersection (crossroad as opposed to overpass)
-Spaghetti vs topological - -
-Pros and cons of Vector Models - -PROS:
Precise location of features.
Stores many attributes about a feature.
Highly suited for mapmaking because of precision and level of detail of
features.
Compact storage of information.
Good portrayal of individual object geometry & topology.
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