ASU BIO 202 Penkrot Exam 3
What are nutrients used for? - Answer- Metabolic fuel, cell structures, and molecular
synthesis.
What is a nutrient? - Answer- A substance in food needed for growth, maintenance,
and repair.
What are macronutrients? - Answer- Three major nutrients that make up the bulk of
ingested food. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water is also included.
What are micronutrients? - Answer- Two other nutrients that are required, but only in
small amounts. Vitamins and minerals.
Is water a micronutrient? - Answer- No but it is a nutrient.
What are essential nutrients? - Answer- Nutrients that must be eaten because body
cannot synthesize these from other nutrients.
What is the only joint that is not bone to bone? - Answer- Gomphosis
What type of nutrient can the liver usually convert another nutrient into if not enough
is available? - Answer- Nonessential nutrient
What are the macronutrients? - Answer- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
sometimes
Carbohydrates primarily come from what? - Answer- Plants such as starch (complex
carbohydrate) in grains and vegetables
Sugars (mono- and disaccharides) in fruit, sugar cane, sugar beets, honey, and milk
are what type of macronutrient? - Answer- Carbohydrate
Cellulose in vegetables that provides roughage is what type of fiber? - Answer-
insoluble fiber
Roughage is what? - Answer- Scraps along the walls of the digestive system.
Insoluble? - Answer- Just passes through the digestive system.
Pectin in apples and citrus fruits are what type of fiber? - Answer- Soluble fiber.
Pectin in apples and citrus fruits reduce what levels? - Answer- Blood cholesterol
levels.
What are examples of complex carbohydrates? - Answer- Bread, cereal, crackers,
flour, pasta, rice, and potatoes
, What are examples of simple carbohydrates? - Answer- Carbonated drinks, candy,
fruit, ice cream, pudding, young vegetables.
What are the problems when there is excess carbohydrates? - Answer- Obesity,
diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficits, dental caries, gastrointestinal irritation; elevates
triglycerides in plasma.
What are the problems when there is a deficit of carbohydrates? - Answer- Tissue
wasting (in extreme deprivation), metabolic acidosis resulting from accelerated fat
use for energy.
Dietary requirements of carbohydrates? - Answer- 45-65% of total calories
Dietary requirements of fats? - Answer- 30% or less of total calories
Dietary requirements of cholesterol? - Answer- no more than 300 mg/day
Dietary requirements of protein? - Answer- 0.8 g per kg of body weight
What is the most abundant form of lipids? - Answer- Triglycerides
How do we store fats? - Answer- As triglycerides
Triglycerides are found in saturated fats in? - Answer- Meat, dairy, tropical oils, or
hydrogenated oils (trans fats).
Triglycerides are found in unsaturated fats in? - Answer- Seeds, nuts, olive oil, and
most vegetable oils.
Saturated fats are what type of bond? - Answer- Single bonds.
What are considered "healthier fats"? - Answer- Unsaturated fats
What type of bond is found in unsaturated fats? - Answer- Somewhere there is a
double bond
What organ makes 85% of the cholesterol we need? - Answer- Liver
Where is cholesterol found? - Answer- Egg yolks, meats, organ meats, shellfish, and
milk products
The liver can convert some fatty acids into others except for? - Answer- Essential
fatty acids (ex linoleic and linolenic acid) which is found in most oils and must be
eaten
What are the problems of having excess lipids? - Answer- Obesity and increased risk
of cardiovascular disease.
