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Straighterline Advanced Biology 101 final exam Revision paper for 2024/2025
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Chemical Composition of the Cells: Atoms -Each atom has a positively charged nucleus which is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (-). The number of protons in the nucleus gives the atomic number. Chemical Composition of t...

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  • August 14, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Straighterline Advanced Biology 101 final exam
Revision paper for 2024/2025

Chemical Composition of the Cells: Atoms -✓Each atom has a positively charged nucleus which is
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

The nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (-).

The number of protons in the nucleus gives the atomic number.



Chemical Composition of the Cells -✓-Ionic bonds form by the loss and gain of electrons

-Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons

-A cell is formed from carbon compounds



Chemical Composition of the Cells: Four Major Families of organic molecules -✓Fatty Acids- are
components of cell membranes

Amino acids- subunits of proteins

Sugars- provide an energy source for cells

Nucleotides- subunits of DNA and RNA



Metabolism -✓All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism



Photosynthesis -✓-Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

-synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water

-involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.



Cellular Respiration -✓a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms
to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste
products.

, Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryote (bacteria and archaea) -✓Pilus- hair-like appendage found on the
surface

Capsule- made of polysaccharides, helps the prokaryotes cling to each other and to surfaces

Cell wall- rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane

Plasma membrane- layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment

Neucleoid (DNA)- contains all or most of the genetic material

cytoplasm- everything found within the plasma membrane

ribosomes- to manufacture proteins

flagellum- used for cell movement

(no membrane bound nucleus)



Cell structure and function: Eukaryote -✓Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of membranous tubules
within the cytoplasm, involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Nucleus- contains the majority of the cells genetic material

Cytoplasm- includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.

Cytoskeleton- gives shape and coherence, network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes- to manufacture protein

Mitochondria- takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell

Lysosomes- break down excess or worn out cell parts.

Golgi body- involved in secretion and intracellular transport



Mitosis -✓part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

1) Interphase O

2)Prophase (-)

3)Metaphase (/)

4)Anaphase ( < > )

5)Telophase ( )( )

6)Cytokinesis O O

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