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Synthesis of which of the following are subject to end-product inhibition? A. AMP, GMP, and CTP only B. AMP, GMP, CTP, and UTP C. AMP and GMP only D. UTP and CTP only correct answers B. AMP, GMP, CTP, and UTP B. The diagram shows that AMP, GMP, and CTP all exert end-product (term-12feedb...

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  • August 18, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems ||
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Synthesis of which of the following are subject to end-product inhibition?

A. AMP, GMP, and CTP only
B. AMP, GMP, CTP, and UTP
C. AMP and GMP only
D. UTP and CTP only correct answers B. AMP, GMP, CTP, and UTP

B. The diagram shows that AMP, GMP, and CTP all exert end-product (term-12feedback)
inhibition, and the passage states that UTP inhibits carbamoyl phosphate synthase, a necessary
enzyme in the pathway to UTP synthesis.

Which of the following is the most likely value of an asthmatic FEV/FVC ratio during an asthma
attack compared to normal?

A. Equal to the predicted value
B. Less than the predicted value
C. More than the predicted value
D. May be more or less than the predicted value, depending on the trigger that caused the attack
correct answers B. Less than the predicted value.

B. Asthma is a disease of hyperresponsive smooth muscle of the bronchioles (they are over-
constricted). Therefore, asthmatics have a more difficult time getting air out of their lungs in the
first second of breathing. The FEV1/FVC ratio should be less than normal because the FEV1 will
be less while the FVC is roughly normal (choice B is correct, and choices A and C are wrong).
The trigger that causes asthma does not change the overall lung reaction, which is
hyperresponsive smooth muscle constriction (choice D is wrong).

An asthmatic reacting to cat dander presents at the ER and the doctor orders an inspiratory chest
X-ray. Which of the following is the X-ray most likely to look like during this asthma attack?

A. Hyperexpanded lung volumes
B. Normal lung volumes
C. Areas of pus, derived from dead neutrophils and bacteria
D. Diminished lung volumes correct answers A.Hyperexpanded lung volumes

A. According to the passage, a major problem asthmatics have during an attack is air trapping.
The smooth muscles of their bronchioles are hyperresponsive to triggers (like cat dander) and
clamp down. Along with bronchiole constriction, inflammatory cells clog the airway with
mucus. Thus, when asthmatics try to exhale, their airways have a smaller diameter, and they are
forced to push harder with the diaphragm and accessory muscles to get the air out. The fast rush
of air through the constricted bronchioles is responsible for the wheezing sound heard during an
asthma attack. Therefore, the lungs of an asthmatic are hyperexpanded (choice A is correct and

, choices B and D are wrong). Choice C would be a good answer if the cause of the asthma attack
was an infection. However, the question stem states that the cause was an allergen (cat dander),
so no infection (and therefore no pus) should be seen.

Which of the following medications are used to treat asthma?

I. Salbutamol (short acting β-agonist)
II. Prednisolone (glucocorticoid)
III. Cromolyn sodium (mast cell stabilizer)
IV. Propranolol (long acting β-antagonist)

A. I only
B. II, III, and IV only
C. I and II only
D. I, II, and III only correct answers D. I, II, and III only

D. Many medications have been used to combat asthma over the years. Item I is true: The
passage describes the use of β-agonists as smooth muscle relaxants. β-Agonists will stimulate the
receptors of the sympathetic system on smooth muscles of bronchioles to cause dilation (choice
B can be eliminated). Note that if Item I is true, then Item IV must be false: a β-antagonist would
have the opposite effect as a β-agonist. Item II is true: The passage mentions that inflammation
of the airways is a major cause of chronic asthma, and steroids can be used to reduce
inflammation (choice A can be eliminated). Item III is true: The passage mentions that allergens
are often triggers to asthma. Mast cells will degranulate when stimulated by IgE and release
histamine, causing a local inflammatory response and mucous production. Cromolyn sodium can
stabilize this process and help reduce this inflammatory response (choice C can be eliminated
and choice D is correct).

Which of the following is a true statement about the diaphragm?

A. It contains both skeletal and smooth muscle cells.
B. Its effector neurotransmitters are norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
C. It is innervated by the phrenic nerve and autonomic nervous system.
D. It receives neural signals from the cerebral cortex and the brain stem. correct answers D. It
receives neural signals from the cerebral cortex and the brain stem.

D. The diaphragm is purely skeletal muscle (choice A is false) and as such, ACh is the only
neurotransmitter used (choice B is false). It's innervated only by the phrenic nerve, not
autonomic nerves (choice C is false). The phrenic nerve originates both in the cerebral cortex, for
voluntary breathing, and in the brain stem for involuntary control (choice D is correct).

If a filamentous body were isolated from an infected individual and injected into an uninfected
healthy individual what antibodies would be formed?

A. Anti-core IgM
B. Anti-eAg IgG

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