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Notes/Summaries of events from - British Empire - History A-Level AQA (The winds of change, 1947–1967)

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Module
Breadth study (1J)

Institution
AQA

Notes on events from including: -African independence -Asian independence -Events in Great Britain -The shift in popular culture within GB (acts relating to Racism, cinema, TV, decline in support for empire) -Two brief essay plans regarding popular culture and if GB were pushed out of empire...

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Uploaded on August 22, 2024
Number of pages 13
Written in 2022/2023
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Africa
Influence of Individuals:
Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe
-(Nigeria which was highly divided)
 Western education and returned, creating National Council of Nigeria + the Cameroons in
1949 - dominated by Ibo.
 Northern people's congress which was largely based in Muslim north
 Secured independence 1960 through negotiation with both sides and then became
president.

Jomo Kenyatta

-(Kenya)

 Returned 1946 + became president of Kenyan African Union 1947
 Toured the country, sparked conversation over independence --> leading to Mau Mau
rebellion 1951 + state of emergency 1952.
 Sentenced in 1953 to 7 years.
 Was elected president of KANU 1960
 Independence 1963 + became president in 1964 when Kenya became a republic.
 1964 - Kenya became a one party state.

Nelson Mandela

-(South Africa)

 Formed youth league of African National Congress (1944)
 Supported programme of action 1949 + in 1952 headed Defiance campaign of civil
disobedience.
 Co-founded Spear of the Nation 1961 --> led to sabotage campaigns against apartheid
government.
 arrested 1962, freed 1990.

Movements towards independence:

Mau Mau emergency 1952-1956

 -Kikuyu people led this uprising.
 White people took their land and kicked them out, made cash crops (like cotton) which
would make money rather than food crops. People starving so rebelled.
 -GB successful in crushing them but weakened their moral authority + support for
nationalists increased.

Tanganyika independence = 1961

, Uganda independence = 1962

Kenya independence = 1963

South African independence -

 1948 Afrikaner nationalist party won power + implemented the policy of apartheid. ==>
opposed by African national congress.
 -through 50s + 60s South African state = brutal.
 --> 69 killed by police at Sharpeville massacre, March 1960.
 Following GB refusal to hand over adjacent lands + condemnation of policy, SA voted to
become a republic 1961.

Decolonisation North Rhodesia

 mineral rich (copper) province.
 joined central African federation 1953 to protect African rights.
 1950s nationalist leaders imprisoned.
 GB concluded decolonisation necessary.
 1964 --> Kenneth Kaunda led northern Rhodesia to independence as Zambia.

Decolonisation of Nyasaland

 relatively economically underdeveloped territory.
 joined central African federation 1953 to protect African rights
 Nyasaland emergency
 1963: CAF dissolved
 1964: Dr Hastings Bantu led Nyasaland to independence as Malawi.

Decolonisation Southern Rhodesia

 agriculturally rich territory. Lots of whites.
 joined CAF 1953
 CAF failing 1961 --> white pop turned support to Rhodesian Front party, won election 1965
 Ian Smith made declaration of independence 1965, when Rhodesia became a republic --> led
to guerrilla war
 Zimbabwe created 1979

Decolonisation Nigeria

 -46 Richards constitution drawn up ensuring greater african representation
 country regionally + ethnically divided (west, east and south legislative councils)
 -1951: Macpherson constitution stimulated political party growth .
 -by 1959 election more power developed to regional governments
 INDEPENDENCE OCTOBER 1960

Suez Crisis

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