These notes helped me get into medical school, I completed my a levels at Guildford high school which consistently ranks among the top schools in the UK and is known for their academic rigour. I made these notes as a summary of the power points that we were taught off of.
Exchange
S Opecun
opening water contains 0 S% .
disolved oxygen at
buccal
30C
, as
you get deeper there is less
[
multicellular organisms need transport systems e
u
cavity photosynthetic plankton which decreases
O conc.
a
diffusion distance to
o o af
exchange surfaces as the
fish extract 80% of avalible Oxygen thanks to
the environment is too larg-
nN
~ S-
A
E
-
counter current flow
S n
W
-
C
an
↳
...
mouth
-
blood water flow in
I
↳-
S
S&S&
GQ
S
-
Air sacs
low
high &G opposite directions
so that max Or can
gill arch
.
diffuse along gill plate along gill plate
To
I⑱ spiracles small pores w gill oesophagus
-
- are
&-...
----- 6 --- , -
E
-
W ...2&
·
1
I
&&"28
S values that control when the tracheal
(
g
&
z
- ,
j
L↳ por
&
y- - - -
S &
I don't
-
be ventilated
6
want to loose OX
system can mouth open, operculum closed
-
-
S -
d
--
· .
-- A
I
↳
=>
too much water) ·
buccal
cavity lowered to
↑ vol.
& -1
-
C& E
Spiracle &
-
-
pores (w values) ·
water rushes dow pressure grad. O O &
mouth closed e floor raised SS
-X
SSCS
⑨
·
%
·I
·
-
water from buccal cavity S
-
·
moves
as the insect moves muscles
,
contract pushing air
over
gills into the opercular
cavity so gifillaments
muse
from the air sacs
through the trache
·
operculum opens , water leaves
5
............
-
-ill > small amount of liquid at the base of tracheoles
I&XI /
-
&"I'll,ll
"
l
to minimise water loss from cells
I'll
IIII
active tissues, water moves into the cells
by
·
> in
-
Osmosis
because it is needed for respiration and water
potential is decreased due to increased lactic acid L
07DaBDOJDDDI07-D E waxy cuticle
WINJTJ]WINJ37338
epiderais
n
> this
-
leads to an increased surface area so that more O2 ↑
-
j-·
Og
z8008 ijpongng
diffuse in and CO2 out
0
can
haemoglobin 0000000
8
D
globular protein %:
e 800
Y
000000 ·
O
00
g
i
·
hydrophyllic chains face outwards so they are soluble of
*
&
·
Ierethrocyte contains 280 million molecules of hemoglobin con 2 0 0 02 0
F
each haem
carry oxygen atoms
2
group can
·
Stomata guard cen
2x units, 2 Bunits
-
·
W
Xerophytes dry conditions.
& qu
live in
body it turgid =
open
Fig
cells have low into cells
gS
partial pressure of On . moves
- - ·
=
& 00 E
&
7 L
↳ folds swell When there is
- S I ⑧ from the mother's haemoglobin rainfall
1 -
-
N
(will take
-
- & '
high
Bohr effect Exercise
S ↳ deep roots
Caturated
= G
C
+
⑨
I
r·
-
Ja
-
affinity
①
Or
#
.
- Stomata can be sat in
-
·
CO2 disolves in blood, acidic ↑ CO2 jj j ↳ thick waxy cuticle
·
lower affinity for O2 #
dips to reduce water loss ↳ trichomes (hairs from epidermis
↓ pH
unloaded easily
· Or
8O
#
low as there is less air moument
SS in
F
>
Shift
& I⑤
-
affinity. O2
resting t.
Right shift curve
·
⑳
#
o
⑧
N
a
active t S-
O2 unloaded G "I
↑
↳
N
S
-
~
-
-------
-
C
f Ja<
· 8
&...........
gogoGG
S
- -
-
O
j
-
>
C
wi
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