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Mid Tudor Crisis Summary Notes - Mary and Edward £7.16
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Mid Tudor Crisis Summary Notes - Mary and Edward

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Edward VI, Mary I Summary Notes / Knowledge organiser for AQA History Breadth Study component of the a level. Mid Tudor Crisis section of the Tudor Breadth study component of history a level - written by student awarded high A Star Grade in 2024 A Level examinations. Organised by theme in ch...

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  • September 2, 2024
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EDWARD VI : 1547 - 1553

‘Edward’s life, was played out mainly in the privy chamber, the focus of the court’s political life …. Until the
protector’s fall, Edward was a cypher in politics, exercising little influence of his own.’

Sir michael stanhope : owed position to duke of somerset - closely linked ( he was groom of the stool
and Chief Gentlemen for Privy Chamber - imprisoned and then executed after Somerset’s fall.

ROYAL AUTHORITY :

Edward’s accession created issues : not a trouble free accession :
- Country divided religiously
- Crown finances ruined by war against France and Scotland.
- Coinage debased to pay for the wars - inflation rates rising and decline in real income.
- Crown compromised long term security by selling off monastic lands - at a discount- to raise money
quickly.

REGENCY COUNCIL : Set up by Henry to govern England during Edward’s minority.
- 16 members, supported by a further 12 - decisions to be made by majority.
- Balance between Protestants (hertford, Cranmer) and conservatives (Wriosthley).
- There were lawyers and administrators who were expected to ensure good government.
- Noble councils under-represented - it did not long - quickly allocated power to hertford (somerset).
- Government feared good order and security : Cranmer’s homily on Obedience - read in parish
churches - made it clear that obedience to the authority of the King was in accordance with the will of
God.

The duke of somerset : relied on Cranmer, Viscount lisle (who became earl of warwick and then
northumberland) and William paget….
- He rewarded his supporters with promotions within the peerage and substantial grants of crown
lands
- Immediately awarded himself control - governed with members of his household : only Sir Thomas
Smith appointed in the Privy Council.
- Reinforced power by appointing Michael stanhope as chief gentlemen.
- Resentment in the privy council towards him - Earl of Southhampton had been arrested - no
guarantee of public acceptance of Somerset (fears for law and order).

The atmosphere = soured by factional rivalries :
- Thomas Seymour : tried to plot with the Earl of Southhampton and to turn Edward against Somerset.
He was charged for treason with Southhamptons assistance (Readmitted to the council).

POLICY FAILINGS UNDER SOMERSET : at the heart = poor FP
- Mishandled rebellions of 1549 but prior, there was growing discontent about his arrogance and
dictatorial manner.
- His style of government and his policy failures = combined to weaken him.
- Enemy = the earl of warwick (northumberland).

August 1549 : it was decided that Somerset’s control had to end.
- Earl of Southhampton and Warwick - tried to attain Mary’s support - she avoided.
- Stand off between conspirators based in london, Somerset was at Hampton court with the King -
retreated to Windsow and surrendered.

,NORTHUMBERLAND : anxious to avoid the excessive concentration of power that brought Somerset
down - no attempt to re=establish a protectorate.
- Lord president of the council - but unclear what his regime would look like.
- Many of his supporters were conservatives, some wanted Mary to be regent.
- Warwick staged a second coup directed at the conservatives - it was assumed that he had planned
this to exercise unlimited power - but may be due to his fear that the conservatives would eject him.
- Purging of Southampton and Arundel - Cranmer supported him - King’s own assertive protestantism
— determined religious character.
- He became Duke of North…. Appointed John Gates as vice chamberlain of household

Histiographically : northumberland = the bad duke + somerset = the good duke.

GOVERNMENT :
- Northumberland initially operated an effective government - via the privy council - made easier by
expulsion of conservatives.
- There was a set of guidelines for operating the privy council - drawn up by Paget (and
Norhtumberland).
- Paget’s role was lessening - William Cecil - was able to become key administrator,

Collective approach to government - did not survive Somerset’s counter coup.
- He was readmitted to council, plotted to take back his old position - Northumberland wins.
- SOMERSET EXECUTED : saving england from a revival of the chaos.
- Northumberland - became less conciliar - removed presumed enemies (paget sent to the tower).
- Power = with Northumberland and his henchman, they had dry stamp.

SUCCESSION ISSUES :
- In H will : if edward was to die – princess mary to take over….
- Edward poor health in February 1553 - reported he was dying.
- ISSUE FOR NORTHUMBERLAND - if mary was to come to the throne- catholicism would be
restored.
- Northumberland = radical protestantism….. Put him and religion of country at risk.

THE DEVYSE : a plan to alter the succession (may have come from Edward).
- Ensured the continuation of Protestantism - Edward willing to exclude Mary and Elizabeth from
succession — he saw them as illegitimate.
- Northumberland - wanted Lady Jane Grey (his daughter in law).
- June 1553 : Mary and Elizabeth declared illegitimate - plans to ratify.
BUT Edward died on the 6 July - before parlaiment could sanction the Devyse - it was illegal.

Northumberland - had no plans for what to do if the King died…. Only proclaimed Lady Jane Grey Queen on
9th July,

RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN POWERS:

SOMERSET - a ruinous FP :
- Aggressive approach to scotland - determined by object of reasserting the claim of Edward I to
scottish throne.
- Wanted to enforce marriage between Mary queen of Scots and Edward VI.
- For Henry - aggressive FP against scotland = a sideshow of France, Scotland = Somerset’s main
priority.
- Wanted to defeat scots in battle, build and garrison forts in the borders and south - forcing Scots into
submission.

, Battle of Pinkie Sep 1547 - success :
- BUT - began to unravel - too expensive to garrison the forts, english could not capture strategically
important castles - Somerset underestimated Scottish-French relationship and failed to block the
Firth of Forth — The french relieved Edinburgh.
- RESULT = France take Queen Mary of Scots - taken to France to marry french heir.

SIGNIFICANCE ?? Disaster for Somerset - his choice to pursue a military strategy which was unnafordable
at a time of financial pressure.
- Failed in his political objective : to secure marriage between Mary and Edward.
- Deteriorating relationship with France : threat of war in 1549 and prospect of a french invasion — at
a time of heightened vulnerability as a result of rebellions
- Resentment = high among members of Privy Council about his autocracy.
-
FOREIGN POLICY UNDER NORTHUMBERLAND - comparably better :
- Reduced expenditure to stabilise finances.
- Ended wars against France and Scotland - forced to return Boulogne to the French to end the war
- Perceived as humiliating - BUT improved finances straight away as Boulogne was a drain on
resources.
- French — paid £133,333 to recover it - financial gain reinforced….
- Abandoned garrisons in Scotland - financial benefit outweighed fears about French influence

ELTON : ‘Edward was a boy tyrant. Whoever really devised the policy, could not afford to ignore the King’s
religion’




QUESTION : ‘Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in
these three extracts are in relation to the quality of government in the years 1485 - 1553?’ This style of
question = synoptic, covering Henry and Wolsey - each extract in Isolation

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE UNDER EDWARD VI :

MAJOR religious changes in reign - chronology


July 1547 Issue of radical royal injunctions

Dec 1547 Dissolution of the chantries

Jan Act of Uniformity - laid down book of common prayer

May 1549 Book of Common prayer

Mar 1552 Second Act of Uniformity - laid down 2nd Book

Dec 1552 Revised Book of Common Prayer

Jun 1553 42 articles published


Religious changes under somerset - a considerable move towards Protestantism :
- SOmerset = a genuine convert to Protestantism - welcomed radicals.
- Policy was cautious : Book of Common Prayer 1549 written by Cranmer - who was cautious and
anxious to avoid religious tension.

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