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Summary 20k words!!! AS Biology Syllabus Analysis｜2024 Newest!

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Module
9700

Institution
CIE

This AS CIE Biology syllabus analysis offers a comprehensive, step-by-step explanation of each syllabus point, directly mapped to the official curriculum. Each topic is thoroughly explained, providing students with clear insights and helping them understand key concepts in a structured manner. This...

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Uploaded on September 11, 2024
Number of pages 122
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

Study Level A/AS Level
Examinator CIE
Subject Biology
Unit 9700

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1. Summary - 40k words!!! a2 biology syllabus analysis｜2024 newest!
2. Summary - 20k words!!! as biology syllabus analysis｜2024 newest!
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1 Cell structure （12）

1.1 The microscope in cell studies

1. make temporary preparations of cellular material suitable for viewing with a light

microscope

• Place a drop of water or mounting medium on a slide.

• Collect a small sample of the material to be viewed.

• Transfer the sample to the drop on the slide.

• Gently lower a coverslip onto the sample.

• Place the slide on the microscope stage.

• Start with low magnification, then increase to observe cells.

• Record your observations.

• Clean the slide and coverslip after use.

2. draw cells from microscope slides and photomicrographs

• Observe cells, noting shapes and structures.

• Lightly sketch cell outlines with a pencil.

• Add details like organelles, using shading for contrast.

• Label structures if identifiable.

• Review and refine the drawing for accuracy.

• Finalize by darkening lines and erasing guidelines.

• Add annotations if necessary.

• Repeat for other cells or structures.

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,3. calculate magnifications of images and actual sizes of specimens from drawings,

photomicrographs and electron micrographs (scanning and transmission)

• Find the scale or magnification provided.

• Use the formula: Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size.

• If magnification is given, use Actual Size = Image Size / Magnification.

• Ensure units are consistent (e.g., micrometers).

• For electron micrographs, apply additional corrections if needed.

• Verify your calculations.

• Record and report your results.

4. use an eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer scale to make measurements anduse

the appropriate units, millimetre (mm), micrometre (μm) and nanometre (nm)

• Calibrate the Microscope: Place the stage micrometer on the stage and focus

on the scale using the lowest magnification. Note the number of eyepiece

graticule units that correspond to a known distance on the stage micrometer

(e.g., 1 mm = 100 eyepiece units).

• Measure the Object: Place the object on the stage and focus on it. Use the

eyepiece graticule to measure the size of the object in eyepiece units.

• Calculate the Size: Use the calibration factor to convert the eyepiece units to

the appropriate units (mm, μm, or nm). For example, if 1 mm on the stage

micrometer corresponds to 100 eyepiece units, and you measure 20 eyepiece

units, the size of the object would be 0.2 mm.

• Use Correct Units: Use the appropriate units based on the size of the object.

For larger objects, use millimeters (mm); for smaller objects, use micrometers

(μm); for very small objects, use nanometers (nm).

• Record and Report: Record your measurements and units accurately, andreport

, them in your findings or reports.

5. define resolution and magnification and explain the differences between these

terms, with reference to light microscopy and electron microscopy

• Resolution: Ability to distinguish two points as separate. Limited by

wavelength.

• Magnification: Enlargement ratio of image to actual size. Achieved with

lenses.

• Light Microscopy: Resolution limited by visible light wavelength (400-700

nm).

• Electron Microscopy: Higher resolution due to shorter electron wavelength

(0.005 nm).

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, 1.2 Cells as the basic units of living organisms

1. recognise organelles and other cell structures found in eukaryotic cells and outline

their structures and functions, limited to:

• cell surface membrane

• Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol molecules.

• Function: Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; provides cell-

cell recognition and communication; maintains cell integrity and shape.

• nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus

Nucleus:
• Structure: Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which has
nuclear pores for transport.
• Function: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities such as growth,
metabolism, and reproduction.

Nuclear Envelope:
• Structure: Double membrane with nuclear pores.
• Function: Regulates the movement of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolus:
• Structure: Dense region within the nucleus.
• Function: Site of ribosome assembly.

• rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Structure: Network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules with ribosomes attached to
its surface.
• Function: Involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport; plays a role in the
synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins destined for secretion.

• smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Structure: Network of membrane-bound tubules and vesicles lacking ribosomes on its
surface.
• Function: Synthesizes lipids, including steroids
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