Includes defenitions needed for the topic, summary notes for each four subtopic inside Topic 5. It also includes frequent exam questions asked for this specific topic with markschemes.
Definitions
Evolution -heritable characteristics of a species changes
-cumulative change in a population of species over time
adaptation of a population due to natural selection
Adaptive radiation Had the same origin from an ancestor that and that they bame different as
they preform different functions
rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line
n evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms
diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms,
particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available,
alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niche
Speciation Splitting of species into new species- diverge into separate species
-population of species can diverge into separate species by evolution
characteristics of the population will gradually diverge
-population of species extends its range by migrating to an island: large
number of endemic
clades -species that share common ancestry and their divergence from eachother
cladograms Are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of diverge in
clades
Convergent -analogous structures develop due to convergent evolution
evolution
Homologous Homologous structures are similar physical features in organisms that
structures share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different
functions had the same origin from an ancestor but have become
different as they preform different functions
Analogous Different origins but have become similar similar as they preform the same
structures or similar function
same function but not a common ancester
melanism Development of melanistic insects in polluted areas
continuous speciation: different physical varieties of the same species
peppered moth: melanistic variety of the peppered moth has become
common in industrial areas: natural selection
industrial melanism
Adaptations Characteristics that make an individual more suited to its environment
developed through natural selection and not in one lifetime
Natural selection -individuals better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce to
create more offspring’s whilst individuals not adapted to the environment
die or produce fewer offspring’s
variation in species leads to certain characteristics which are better
adapted to the environment: natural selection will favor such individuals
frequency of better adapted individuals increases in the population:
variation in species occurs which creates different characteristics for
species
Acquired -characteristics that develop throughout an individual’s lifetime and cannot
characteristics be inherited
, Binomial system -used worldwide to classify newly discovered species
-given scientific names using the binomial system
=Genus and then species
genus is written in capital letters and species in lowercase and latin font
-taxonomists classify species based on the hierarchy of taxa: king Philip cam
over for great sex
Kingdom, Philip, Class, Order, Family, Species
genus Taxonomy order after species
group of species that share common characteristics
Domains Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote
Natural -the classification of organisms based on shared ancestry
classification unnatural: classification based on similarities of species
Divergent when individuals in one species, or closely related species, acquire enough
evolution variations in their traits that it leads to two distinct new species.
Convergent evolution on the other hand is when two unrelated species
develop similar traits because they live in similar environments.
Homologous structures Analogous structures
-are similar as they have similar ancestry -similar due to convergent evolution:
similarities in structure and function but
have evolved independently
5.1 Evidence for evolution
Evidence from fossils -fossil fuels have gaps in the structure of species
sequence in which fossil fuels appear matches the sequence of
evolution- expected sequence of evolution
-comparison with fossils and living organisms shows change from
ancestral forms
different species existed in the past
-bacteria then fungi then worm
Evidence from -homologous structures: evolution of homologous structures by
homologous adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are
structure differences in function
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