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Chapters 1-4--> EXAM 1 Anthropology Questions and Answers
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Anthropology - Answer-the study of human beings, their biology, their pre-history and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions When and where did anthropology begin? - Answer-● Built on advances in the natural sciences during the age of reason (late 1600s-1700...

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  • October 11, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Chapters 1-4--> EXAM 1 Anthropology
Questions and Answers
Anthropology - Answer-the study of human beings, their biology, their pre-history and
histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions

When and where did anthropology begin? - Answer-● Built on advances in the natural
sciences during the age of reason (late 1600s-1700s)
● During the 1800s, anthropology emerged as an academic discipline devoted to the
observation and analysis of human variation.

Industrialization - Answer-The development of industries for the machine production of
goods.

Theory of Evolution - Answer-states that organisms change and develop over time to
adapt an increase rate of survival

theory of colonialism - Answer-focuses on how the nations that industrialized first got
the jump on the rest of the world

Salvage Paradigm - Answer-The paradigm which held that it was important to observe
indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and
used by indigenous peoples.

Four fields of Anthropology - Answer-Archaeology: Archaeology examines peoples and
cultures of the past.
Biological Anthropology: Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and
health.
Cultural Anthropology: Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of
cultural life.
Linguistic Anthropology: language

Archaeology - Answer-The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where
people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.

Biological Anthropology - Answer-The study of the biological and biocultural
aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of
our closest relatives, the non-human primates.

Cultural Anthropology - Answer-The study of the social lives of living
communities.

Linguistic Anthropology - Answer-The study of how people communicate
with one another through language and how language use shapes

,group membership and identity.

Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism - Answer-Ethnocentrism: The assumption that
one's own way of doing things is correct while dismissing other people's practices or
views as wrong or ignorant.
Cultural Relativism: The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold
judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.

Holism - Answer-"Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single
comprehensive interpretation."
- Anthropology combines the study of human prehistory, social life, language, and
biology in one broad discipline.
- It provides powerful tools for understanding the whole human experience in context.

→ Elements of functionalism are still used by modern cultural anthropologists,
especially its holistic perspective:
→ a perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic
connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual
parts.

ethical dilemma - Answer-a situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a
course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even
illegal

Human Terrain System - Answer--Project launched by U.S. military
-Hopes to give U.S. soldiers a better understanding of cultural landscape in Iraq and
Afghanistan
-Places anthropologists in combat zones to advise and help develop counter-insurgency
operations

To whom are anthropologists accountable? - Answer-In research, anthropologists'
paramount responsibility is to those they study. When there is a conflict of interest,
these individuals must come first. Anthropologists must do everything in their power to
protect the physical, social, and psychological welfare and to honor the dignity and
privacy of those studied.

Enculturation - Answer-The process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a
society.

Enthnocentrism - Answer-The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct,
while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

cultural relativism - Answer-The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold
judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.
Used to avoid ethnocentrism

, → Does not mean that anthropologists necessarily accept and defend all the things
people do. (It is not the equivalent of moral or ethical relativism.)
See "Classic Contributions: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture."

Emic vs Etic approach - Answer-

Franz Boas - Answer-father of modern American anthropology; argued for cultural
relativism and historical particularism

Historical Particularism - Answer-Idea that histories are not comparable; diverse paths
can lead to the same cultural result

The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of
their unique histories.

salvage ethnography (Franz Boas) - Answer-Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz
Boas to rapidly collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about U.S.
Native populations being devastated by westward expansion.

Learned enculturation - Answer-how to dress, how to act, how to interact with others
etc.

example of teen mascots; how does this relate to the content of the chapter? - Answer-
Washington redskins
racists towards Native American people as well as the logo

mainstream vs. "ethnic" cultures - Answer-white vs. Pacific Islander

mainstream vs ethnic: who has culture? - Answer-everyone has culture, but in the US
minorities, immigrants etc. are viewed as "people with culture"

mainstream vs. ethnic: relation between power and visibility of culture? - Answer-
visibility of culture= less power

how is culture shared? - Answer-through language and learning

cultural constructions- based on past collective experience? - Answer-→ People
collectively "build" meanings through common experience and negotiation.
→ A "construction" derives from past collective experiences in a community, as well as
lots of people talking about, thinking about, and acting in response to a common set of
goals and problems.

"making the artificial seem natural" (meaning and examples) - Answer-"Culture consists
of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural."

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