Advanced Pharmacology Pre-Exam
Study *Q&A* |Verified Study Set|
2025/2024
What is the primary mechanism by which angiotensin II contributes to hypertension?
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion, leading to
increased blood volume and elevated blood pr...
Advanced Pharmacology Pre-Exam
Study *Q&A* |Verified Study Set|
2025/2024
What is the primary mechanism by which angiotensin II contributes to hypertension?
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion, leading to
increased blood volume and elevated blood pressure.
Describe how the pharmacokinetics of a drug can influence its therapeutic effectiveness.
Pharmacokinetics, which includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion,
affects the concentration of a drug at its site of action, thereby influencing its therapeutic effect
and potential toxicity.
What is the significance of therapeutic indices in pharmacology?
The therapeutic index indicates the margin between effective and toxic doses of a drug,
guiding safe prescribing and monitoring for adverse effects.
Explain how warfarin acts as an anticoagulant.
Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing the synthesis of vitamin K-
dependent clotting factors, which leads to anticoagulation.
What role do beta-adrenergic agonists play in respiratory therapy?
1
, Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, leading
to bronchodilation and improved airflow in conditions like asthma and COPD.
Discuss the potential side effects of long-term corticosteroid use.
Long-term corticosteroid use can lead to weight gain, osteoporosis, adrenal suppression,
hypertension, and increased susceptibility to infections.
What is the primary therapeutic effect of metformin in managing diabetes?
Metformin primarily decreases hepatic glucose production and enhances insulin sensitivity
in peripheral tissues, leading to improved glycemic control.
Explain the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which decreases the production of
prostaglandins, resulting in reduced inflammation, pain, and fever.
What are the contraindications for using ACE inhibitors?
Contraindications for ACE inhibitors include history of angioedema, pregnancy, and renal
artery stenosis, as they may worsen renal function.
How do calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure?
leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance.
2
, What is the effect of statins on cholesterol levels?
Statins lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA
reductase, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular events.
Discuss the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels in patients on insulin therapy.
Monitoring blood glucose levels is crucial to prevent hypoglycemia and ensure effective
management of diabetes, allowing for adjustments in insulin dosages as needed.
What is the role of glucocorticoids in the management of inflammatory conditions?
Glucocorticoids exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory
mediators and suppressing the immune response.
Explain the mechanism of action of antifungal agents like fluconazole.
Fluconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, leading to
increased membrane permeability and cell death.
What are the potential risks associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
Long-term use of PPIs may increase the risk of Clostridium difficile infection, bone
fractures, and kidney disease due to decreased gastric acidity.
Describe the pharmacological approach to managing hypertension in elderly patients.
The pharmacological approach often includes low-dose thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or
calcium channel blockers, with careful consideration of drug interactions and renal function.
3
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