Latest!! Advanced Pathophysiology -
NUR 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY
Correctly Solved Exam *Q&A* |Verified|
2024/2025
What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, and
pain, while chr...
Latest!! Advanced Pathophysiology -
NUR 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY
Correctly Solved Exam *Q&A* |Verified|
2024/2025
What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, and
pain, while chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response that can lead to tissue
damage and disease.
How do cytokines contribute to the inflammatory response?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immune responses, promoting
inflammation and facilitating communication between immune cells.
What role do free radicals play in cellular injury?
Free radicals can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage by reacting with lipids,
proteins, and DNA, potentially resulting in cell death.
What are the primary effects of glucocorticoids on the immune system?
Glucocorticoids suppress the immune response by inhibiting the proliferation of immune
cells and reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.
Explain the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
1
, HFpEF is characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened heart muscle, leading
to symptoms of heart failure despite a normal ejection fraction.
What is the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on mineral metabolism?
CKD leads to disturbances in mineral metabolism, including hyperphosphatemia,
hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism, which can contribute to bone disease.
Describe the mechanisms of action for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to
vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, and decreased workload on the heart.
What are the key features of metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and
dyslipidemia, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
How does chronic stress affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
Chronic stress leads to prolonged activation of the HPA axis, resulting in increased cortisol
production, which can affect various physiological systems and contribute to health issues.
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure
regulation?
The RAAS regulates blood pressure by controlling fluid balance and vascular tone,
promoting sodium retention and vasoconstriction.
2
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