PSYC 305 Final Exam || Already Graded A+.
According to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that
different breeds of dogs share (e.g.: fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as
possible in the network. What is this concept called? correct answers The Principle of
Inheritance
TRUE/FALSE: During flu season, people are more likely to ask, "Do you have any Kleenex?"
than "Do you have tissues?" This is best explained by the typicality effect. correct answers True
The Collins and Quillian model proposes that categorical information is organized hierarchically.
What is one important difference between this model and a spreading activation model? correct
answers The relationship between concepts in a spreading activation model can strengthen or
weaken depending upon typicality and the frequency of occurrence.
TRUE/FALSE: Stereotypes are only formed based on salient features such as gender or ethnicity
one considers consciously. correct answers False because neither conscious consideration or
salient features are needed to cause stereotype formation.
A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be
categorized as a lemon. Why is this? correct answers 1. ) The essential properties for being a
lemon are still there.
2. ) If it grew on a lemon tree, then it will be considered a lemon.
3. ) Cause-and-effect relationships influence how we think about what an object is and how it is
categorized. Thus, the cause-and-effect relationships between a lemon being painted different
colors or being run over by a car, do not change how we think about the lemon or how we
categorize it as such.
TRUE/FALSE: Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization. correct answers
True; this can be seen in how a person's skin tone does not play a role in our categorization of
them as a human being.
According to exemplar theory, what do typicality effects reflect? correct answers Typicality
effects reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment
and are therefore frequently represented in memory.
According to prototype theory, what does the mental representation for each concept represent?
correct answers The mental representation for each concept represents an average or ideal for all
of the category's members.
Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT:
a. ) If asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term.
b. ) Basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more
general terms.
c. ) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions.
, d. ) Basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. correct
answers c. ) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general
descriptions.
Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to
categorize efficiently. Describe the problems that Maxine will face. correct answers She will lose
the ability to discriminate some categories BUT others will remain unaffected.
In a PDP model, learning can happen in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
a. ) The weakening of connections between concepts that are activated at different times.
b. ) The strengthening of connections between concepts that are activated simultaneously.
c. ) The random, synchronous firing of nodes leading to a weakening of a connection.
d. ) Error signals being sent backward through the system, to adjust connection weights. correct
answers c. ) The random, synchronous firing of nodes leading to a weakening of a connection.
Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge
is actually ________. correct answers localized; distributed
When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A cat is an
animal" will be? correct answers Faster
Which of the following is NOT a proposition?
a. ) Julie is female.
b. ) Julie barks.
c. ) Julie bikes.
d. ) Julie bubblegum. correct answers d. ) Julie bubblegum.
You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's
evidence, what you are most likely to respond? correct answers Teacher, lawyer, doctor,
firefighter, etc...
What is the representation of a category's structure determined by? correct answers The
individuals personal experience.
________ imagery is associated with how things look, while ________ imagery is associated
with an abstract form or arrangement. correct answers Visual; spatial
A psychologist asks her experimental participants to describe their experiences in using mental
imagery. What kind of data is the psychologist is collecting? correct answers Self-report data
A researcher asks a participant to memorize a city map. On the map, the library and the school
are 2 inches apart; the school and the hospital are 4 inches apart. The researcher now instructs the
participant to form an image of the map and to scan from the library to the school. The
researcher then asks the participant to scan from the school to the hospital. It is most likely true
According to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that
different breeds of dogs share (e.g.: fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as
possible in the network. What is this concept called? correct answers The Principle of
Inheritance
TRUE/FALSE: During flu season, people are more likely to ask, "Do you have any Kleenex?"
than "Do you have tissues?" This is best explained by the typicality effect. correct answers True
The Collins and Quillian model proposes that categorical information is organized hierarchically.
What is one important difference between this model and a spreading activation model? correct
answers The relationship between concepts in a spreading activation model can strengthen or
weaken depending upon typicality and the frequency of occurrence.
TRUE/FALSE: Stereotypes are only formed based on salient features such as gender or ethnicity
one considers consciously. correct answers False because neither conscious consideration or
salient features are needed to cause stereotype formation.
A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be
categorized as a lemon. Why is this? correct answers 1. ) The essential properties for being a
lemon are still there.
2. ) If it grew on a lemon tree, then it will be considered a lemon.
3. ) Cause-and-effect relationships influence how we think about what an object is and how it is
categorized. Thus, the cause-and-effect relationships between a lemon being painted different
colors or being run over by a car, do not change how we think about the lemon or how we
categorize it as such.
TRUE/FALSE: Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization. correct answers
True; this can be seen in how a person's skin tone does not play a role in our categorization of
them as a human being.
According to exemplar theory, what do typicality effects reflect? correct answers Typicality
effects reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment
and are therefore frequently represented in memory.
According to prototype theory, what does the mental representation for each concept represent?
correct answers The mental representation for each concept represents an average or ideal for all
of the category's members.
Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT:
a. ) If asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term.
b. ) Basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more
general terms.
c. ) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions.
, d. ) Basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. correct
answers c. ) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general
descriptions.
Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe, which influences her ability to
categorize efficiently. Describe the problems that Maxine will face. correct answers She will lose
the ability to discriminate some categories BUT others will remain unaffected.
In a PDP model, learning can happen in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
a. ) The weakening of connections between concepts that are activated at different times.
b. ) The strengthening of connections between concepts that are activated simultaneously.
c. ) The random, synchronous firing of nodes leading to a weakening of a connection.
d. ) Error signals being sent backward through the system, to adjust connection weights. correct
answers c. ) The random, synchronous firing of nodes leading to a weakening of a connection.
Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge
is actually ________. correct answers localized; distributed
When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A cat is an
animal" will be? correct answers Faster
Which of the following is NOT a proposition?
a. ) Julie is female.
b. ) Julie barks.
c. ) Julie bikes.
d. ) Julie bubblegum. correct answers d. ) Julie bubblegum.
You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's
evidence, what you are most likely to respond? correct answers Teacher, lawyer, doctor,
firefighter, etc...
What is the representation of a category's structure determined by? correct answers The
individuals personal experience.
________ imagery is associated with how things look, while ________ imagery is associated
with an abstract form or arrangement. correct answers Visual; spatial
A psychologist asks her experimental participants to describe their experiences in using mental
imagery. What kind of data is the psychologist is collecting? correct answers Self-report data
A researcher asks a participant to memorize a city map. On the map, the library and the school
are 2 inches apart; the school and the hospital are 4 inches apart. The researcher now instructs the
participant to form an image of the map and to scan from the library to the school. The
researcher then asks the participant to scan from the school to the hospital. It is most likely true
