100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Notes Immunopathology £5.49   Add to cart

Lecture notes

Notes Immunopathology

1 review
 65 views  1 purchase

Includes all topics from the first part of the module about immunology and some topics from the second part of the module focusing on immunopathology. Topics include: - Innate and adaptive immunity - B and T cell development - Antigen processing and presentation by APCs - MHC I and II - Lymphoid o...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 69  pages

  • January 22, 2020
  • 69
  • 2019/2020
  • Lecture notes
  • Unknown
  • All classes
book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:
All documents for this subject (1)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: ndihma • 3 year ago

avatar-seller
roznovcovamaria
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
(HAEMATOLOGY - CANCER)



2019/2020
MSc Biomedical Science
(Medical Molecular Biology)

, 1. Immunology introduction
Immunology

- Branch of biomedicine
- Studies structure and function of the immune system (IS)
- Areas of study:
- Defence of the body against microorganism and parasite attacks
- Discrimination between self and non-self
- How IS deals with foreign molecules
- How IS recognises and deals with neoplastic and virally transformed cells
- Transplanted organs, cells and proteins
- What happens when IS attacks itself

Discrimination between self and non-self

Self (host cells) Non-self (foreign cells)
Immune response
- When an organism is threatened by viruses, microorganisms or cancer cells
- Provides protection
Tolerance
- Lack of immune response
- IS does not mount a response against self (host cells)
Autoimmunity
- IS mounts a response against self
- If IS responds against self => tolerance to self is lost => autoimmune diseases
- Autoimmune diseases in humans (examples):
- Asthma, Lupus, Arthritis

Immune system basics
ANTIGEN:
- Protein molecules recognised by the IS
Antigen as foreign
- Anything that causes an immune response - IS specifically reacts against them
- Can be:
- HARMLESS (grass pollen,…) ANTIBODIES:
- Antigen-specific proteins
- HARMFUL (flu virus, bacteria,…) - Produced by B lymphocytes (B cells)
- Disease causing antigen => PATHOGEN - Produced in response to antigen
- IS is designed to protect the body from pathogens exposure

Development of IS in humans

- Development begins in embryo
- IS starts with hematopoietic stem cells (‘blood making’ cells) ERYTHROCYTES:
- Stem cells differentiate into: - Red blood cells
- GRANULOCYTES MEGAKARYOCYTES:
- MONOCYTES major players in the IS - Blood clotting
- LYMPHOCYTES
- ERYTHROCYTES cells in the blood
- MEGAKARYOCYTES not involved in immune function
- Production and differentiation of stem cells continues throughout the lifetime
- By the time a baby is born, IS is a collection of tissues
(blood, lymphatic system, thymus, spleen, skin, mucosa)
Thymus
T lymphocyte (T cell)

Lymphoid stem cell NK lymphocyte (natural killer cell)

B lymphocyte
Puripotent stem
cell
Erythrocyte
Myeloid stem
cell Megakaryocyte (blood clotting)

Macrophage

Monocyte
Granulocyte

, 2. Innate and adaptive immunity
Pathogen infection

- Is consists of a big range of mechanisms and cells
- Huge range of pathogens (worms, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses)
- Big size range of pathogens
 Different types of cells needed to fight different pathogens
- Major natural ways of contracting pathogens:
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system made up of mucosal surfaces => less protected => prone to infection
- Sexual transmission


ROUTES OF INFECTION FOR PATHOGENS (examples)
ROUTE OF MODE OF PATHOGEN DISEASE TYPE OF
ENTRY TRANSMISSION PATHOGEN
Mucosal surfaces
Inhalation or ingestion Influenza virus Influenza Orthomyxovirus
Mouth and of infected material Streptococcus Tonsillitis Gram-positive
respiratory tract pyogenes bacterium
Most vulnerable




Spores Bacillus anthracis Inhalation anthrax Gram-positive
bacterium
Gastrointestinal Contaminated Hepatitis A Jaundice Picornavirus
tract water/food
Sexual transmission Human Acquired Retrovirus
Reproductive (infected blood) immunodeficiency immunodeficiency
tract + other virus (HIV) syndrome (AIDS)
routes Sexual transmission Neisseria Gonorrhoea Gram-negative
gonorrhoeae bacterium
Opportunistic pathogens
immunocom
Not harmful




Resident microbiota Candida Thrush Fungus
promised




abicans
unless




Resident lung Pneumocystis Pneumonia Fungus
microbiota jirovecii
External epithelia
External surface Physical contact Trichophyton Athlete’s foot Fungus
Can be easily
contracted




Wounds and Puncture wounds Clostridium tetani Tetanus Gram-positive
abrasions bacterium
Mosquito bites Plasmodium spp. Malaria Protozoan
Insect bites (anopheles)
Dear tick bites Borella Lyme disease Bacterium
burgdorferi (spirochete)


Infection defence mechanisms
1. Mechanical/chemical barriers
2. Innate immunity
3. Adaptive + innate immunity cooperation

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller roznovcovamaria. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £5.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

82215 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now

Start selling
£5.49  1x  sold
  • (1)
  Add to cart