Lecture notes

Gram positive bacteria

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Module
Cellular Microbiology And Virology

Institution
University Of Surrey (UNIS)

Explore the fundamental features that distinguish Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria, including cell wall structure, staining properties, and biochemical characteristics. Gain insights into the major genera of Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacil...

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Uploaded on October 21, 2024
Number of pages 2
Written in 2020/2021
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Alison cottell
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Comprehensive Notes on Cellular Microbiology and Virology

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Gram Positive bacteria
27 October 2020 22:55

The Firmicutes- Low GC gram-positive bacteria - 25-40%
Non-spore forming bacteria
The lactic acid bacteria:
- Streptococcus
- Lactobacillus
- Staphylococcus
- Listeria
- Mycoplasma

The spore forming bacteria
- Clostridium Bacillus

Actinobacteria- High GC gram-positive bacteria - over 50%
- Streptomyces
- Corynebacteria
- Mycobacteria

Mycoplasmas - The Mollicutes ('soft skin bacteria')
These bacteria completely lack cell wall and have only plasma membrane.
Therefore they stain gram negative but sequencing of their genes reveal that they are
clearly phylogenetically related to the low GC gram positives (Lactobacillus -
Clostridium branch).

Sensitive to osmotic lysis, plasma membrane is strengthened by inclusion of sterols.
Plasma membrane may also include lipoglycans (heteropolysaccharide linked to the
membrane lipids) and lipoprotein - involved in avoiding the immune response.

Pleomorphic: big, small, long, branched
The coccoid cells 0.12 micrometre - 0.25 micrometre in diameter are probably the
smallest living cells.

Easily deformable cells that can squeeze into different shapes.

Growth of Mycoplasmas
All are parasite of eukaryotes.
Many can be grown outside of cells in lab media.
Mycoplasma can have complex growth factor requirements due to their Limited
biosynthetic capabilities
All require sterols except Archoleplasma, Asteroleplasma and Mesoplasma
Many require a variety of vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines.

On solid agar they form a fried egg shaped colony and embed into the media.

Mycoplasma Genomics
GC content approx. 25-35% depending on the species.
Mycoplasma genitalium has the smallest known genome of any self-replicating
organism measuring only 580 kbp and encoding 472 genes.
Close to the smallest amount of DNA capable of encoding a living cell.

Because they have evolved to live in such close parasitic association with eukaryotic
hosts and managed to get rid of the genes they don't need over the evolution as they
can gain the nutrients from the host they've invaded, which eventually reduced their
genome size.

Gram Positive Bacteria Page 1

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