100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Protozoa evolution and development £7.16
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. University Of Surrey (UNIS)
  4.  
  5. Cellular Microbiology And Virology

Lecture notes

Protozoa evolution and development
 0 purchase

Explore the origins and evolutionary adaptations of protozoa, including key events that shaped their diversity and classification. Understand the various forms and structures of protozoa, from flagellates to amoeboids, and their ecological roles. Gain insights into the life cycles of protozoa...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 6  pages

Document information

  • October 21, 2024
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Lecture notes
  • Alison cottell
  • All classes

Subjects

  • protozoa
  • protozoa evolution and development

Written for

All documents for this subject (31)

Seller

avatar-seller
Lakuscholars

Content preview

Protozoa: Evolution and Development
27 October 2020 22:55

Protozoan Evolution and Development
Protozoa is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living
or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic
tissues and debris.




Evolution of mitochondria
Origins of the eukaryotic cell: Endosymbiosis




This is one of the key stages in eukaryotic evolution. This diagram represents millions
of years of evolution of eukaryotic cell and there are scopes for different eukaryotes
to have evolved differently from others. Eukaryotic cells evolve mitochondria through
endosymbiosis but also there are exceptions to that.
Engulfing of one prokaryote by another to form symbiotic relationship where by the
larger cell gains enough energy production and the smaller cell gain protection and
nutrients.

Composites and chimeras
Chimera: created through grafting/ transplantation of tissues
Composite: different tissue types in one organism through merging of genetically
distinct cells.

Protozoa are composites with multiple ancestry. Throughout the protozoa world
there are different characteristics because of early association of two prokaryotic cells
to create a basic eukaryotic cell.

Chimaera can be artificially made and doesn't necessarily need to be inherited. For
example, when an individual have a heart problem and in need of new valve or tissue.
The tissue or valve can be obtained from a pig and through surgery implanted into
human.
But this example of chimera is not composite as the change of genetic material of
heart valve in human is not passed into their next generation.

Protozoa are both chimera and composite as they develop changes genetically from
different species and pass the variation onto their offspring (inheritable
characteristics).

Evolution of prokaryotes - Anomalies
Giardia spp.
Origins of Giardia and its relationship to eukaryotes is unclear.
Anomalies: No mitochondria, or peroxisomes (produce hydrogen peroxide and

Protozoa 1 Page 1

, Anomalies: No mitochondria, or peroxisomes (produce hydrogen peroxide and
metabolise lipids). It is unusual for eukaryotes to have no mitochondria or
peroxisomes.
• The Giardia genome does not encode myosin
• Giardia diverged from eukaryotes prior to endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria
• "Lost" mitochondria: giardia has genes related to mitochondria genes

Another theory:
The Giardia probably had mitochondria through endosymbiotic relationship and then
later the mitochondria probably wouldn't have maintained the symbiotic relationship
with the Giardia maybe because it had other energy producing organelles. (Probably
has the mitochondrial genes but not the actual structure).

Another genera of amitochondrial eukaryote?
Monocercomonoides sp. is the first eukaryote discovered to lack any trace of
mitochondria. There are other such as "Luminal" protozoa: Trichomonas; Entamoeba

How do amitochondrial protozoa generate energy?
Without mitochondria, present-day animal cells would be dependent on anaerobic
glycolysis for all of their ATP. When glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis,
only a very small fraction of the total free energy potentially available from the
glucose is released.
Trichomonas has a hydrogenosome; it uses ferredoxin oxidoreductase and
hydrogenase to generate ATP from pyruvate.

Classification of protozoa: means of movement, nutrition, reproduction
Groups of protozoa:
○ Paramecium sp. - Ciliates
○ Trypanosoma sp. - Flagellates
○ Stentor sp.
○ Giardia sp.
○ Plasmodium sp. - Malaria
○ Actinophrys sp.
○ Toxoplasma gondii - Apicomplexa
○ Amoeba sp. - Amoeba

Amoebae
Pseudopodia: a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for
movement and feeding (for movement and feeding)




- Amoeba has non-fixed cell shape (Amorphous)
- Change shape through means of pseudopodia
- The produce movement through plasmagel and plasmasol (both cytoplasm
which can solidify and liquify according to where it needs to move)
- Amoeba needs to move in a particular direction
- It produces plasma gel which is slightly viscous and dilute the plasmasol in
order to produce movement in the direction it wants (propelling forward using
these two structures).



Protozoa 1 Page 2

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Lakuscholars. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £7.16. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

65040 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Summary ·

(1)

Die Perfekte Brander (Short stories)

Summary ·

(0)

Samenvatting - Data bedreven communicatie

Package deal ·

(0)

1ste Master Seksuologie KuLeuven

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

AQA A Level Physics – Materials Exam

Summary ·

(0)

Essential Notes: Endocrinology: Acromegaly

Lecture notes ·

(0)

Hdfs 242 - Chapter 13 Detailed notes

Summary ·

(0)

matrix multiplication easy visual method

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Paper Questions Services Marketing

Summary ·

(0)

RST1501 Summary Notes Study Unit 1
£7.16
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added