Lecture notes
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
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- University Of Surrey (UNIS)
Explore the fundamental aspects of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, including its pathophysiology, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria.
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 102 January 2021 17:59
High glucose and beta-hydroxy butyrate levels, low pH are result of Diabetic ketoacidosis caused by
type one diabetes mellitus.
Classification of diabetes -terminology
Aretaeus the Cappadocians
Physician of 2nd to 3rd century AD
Born in Cappadocia
"the patients never stop making water…the flow is incessant, as if from the opening of
aqueducts….many parts of the flesh pass out along with the urine"
'Mellitus' added by Thomas Wills
Physician of 17th century AD
"the urine from people with diabetes is……wonderfully sweet as if permeated with honey or sugar"
Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus - Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Diabetes- uncontrolled water excreted as urine from the body
Glucosuria diabetes (sweet) - diabetes mellitus
Non-glucosuria diabetes (not sweet) - diabetes insipidus
Characteristics of major types of diabetes mellitus
In individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus the level of insulin is reduced within the pancreas and
there are less insulin hormones present in the islets of Langerhans, which under normal condition at
very high percent.
The younger the onset of diabetes, the fewer the insulin containing islets remain.
Urine protein/creatinine (UPCR) ratio is a widely used initial method to estimate daily protein
excretion in urine.
Genetic predisposing variants and environmental influences interact
Disease-associated variants in immune function and beta cell development genes occur more
predominantly in early onset type 1 diabetes and are associate with more aggressive insulitis than
other genetic variants.
After the onset of diabetes, there are more variants that are associated with type 1 diabetes,
whereas, if type 1 diabetes arrives late, the genes that are associated with the disease will be much
Diabetes Mellitus Page 1
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