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NYU Patho Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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NYU Patho Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025 Increased Plasma Osmolality - ANSWERSDescribes the increased solute concentration Decreased Plasma Osmolality - ANSWERSMeans a decrease in solute concentration. Primary Level of Prevention - ANSWERSAlters susceptibility by reducing exposure ...

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  • October 24, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NYU Patho Exam 1 Questions &
Answers 2024/2025

Increased Plasma Osmolality - ANSWERSDescribes the increased solute concentration



Decreased Plasma Osmolality - ANSWERSMeans a decrease in solute concentration.



Primary Level of Prevention - ANSWERSAlters susceptibility by reducing exposure for susceptible persons
to prevent them from getting the disease.



e.g., immunizations, dental sealants, condoms, skin cancer prevention via education.



Secondary Level of Prevention - ANSWERSearly detection and screening.



e.g., skin cancer screening, DRE, PSA, PAP smears, self breast exam, pregnancy test.



Tertiary Level of Prevention - ANSWERSProviding rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, &
restoring effective functioning following disease.

e.g., outreach programs, physical therapy, tetanus after contact w/ rusty nail.



Morbidity - ANSWERSA term used for something that causes disease, illness, consequences or issues
related to the disease.



Osmotic Pressure - ANSWERSCreated by the presence of large, non-diffusible molecules (plasma
proteins) in a fluid. These molecules draw water towards them.



B Cell - ANSWERS➊ agranulocyte

➋ role in adaptive (humoral) immunity (produce antibodies and make up 10-20% of lymphocytes)

➌ develop in bone marrow; after maturation travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues

,➍ specialized cell membrane, antigen-specific, receptors (must be activated)

➎ binding to antigens triggers differentiation

➏ antigen recognition depends on the cell membrane receptors

➐ after binding to antigens they become plasma cells



Adaptive Immunity Components - ANSWERS➊ Lymphoid Progenitor Cells

➋ T lymphocytes (Cytotoxic & Helper)

➌ B lymphocytes

Differentiate into plasma cells

Antibody Production



Hypovolemia - ANSWERSECF Volume Deficit (Isotonic: ECF and concentration in cell were same)
therefore...

- No changes in osmolality

- Depletion of water and sodium



e.g., loss of blood volume *= an isotonic loss*; low ECF



Dehydration - ANSWERSThe loss of water and salts from the body.



Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWERSForce exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall.



Kreb Cycle - ANSWERSStage of cellular respiration that finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules
to carbon dioxide, releasing energy yeilding 2 ATP.



Altered Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle Outcome) - ANSWERSIf cell does not get enough/any O it will not
yield 2 ATP; which is not enough for the cell to function so it needs to find additional ways to create
energy



Products like pyruvic acid and lactic acid can lead to acidosis which would destroy the cell.

, Atrophy - ANSWERSType of reversible cellular adaptation from a decrease in the size of cells due to a
decrease in functional demand resulting in reduced tissue mass.



Hypertrophy - ANSWERSType of reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the size of cells
due to an increase in functional demand resulting in enlarged tissue mass.



Hyperplasia - ANSWERSA reversible cellular adaptation that causes an increase in the *number of cells*
due to an increased functional demand and/or increased stress resulting in enlarged tissue mass.



Metaplasia - ANSWERSType of reversible cellular adaptation where a mature cell type is replaced by a
different mature cell type, typically due to increased stress



Still, a normal cell but not found in this location - locations in lungs; a bronchoscopy of a chronic smoker
would display stratified squamous cells instead of columnar ciliated cells, bladder, GURD.



Dysplasia(Pre-cancerous) - ANSWERSType of reversible cellular adaptation with a *change in cell size,
shape, uniformity, arrangement, and/or structure*, typically due to increased stress



Anaplasia - ANSWERSA type of irreversible cellular adaptation of undifferentiated cells with variable
nuclear and cell structures. Can imply a more advanced cancer.



Neoplasm - ANSWERSA type of irreversible cellular adaptation resulting in a *"new growth"* commonly
called a tumor.



First Line of Defense - ANSWERSNon-specific mechanism with a mechanical barrier.

E.g.,'s: unbroken skin and mucous membranes and secretions - like saliva or tears that contain lysosomes
(IgA)



Second Line of Defense - ANSWERSA non-specific mechanism involving phagocytosis and
*inflammation*.

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