100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
NROS 310 Exam 3 Study Questions || with 100% Errorless Solutions. £9.14
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. NROS 310
  4.  
  5. NROS 310

Exam (elaborations)

NROS 310 Exam 3 Study Questions || with 100% Errorless Solutions.
 0 purchase
  • Module
  • NROS 310
  • Institution
  • NROS 310

Describe endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling. correct answers Endocrine: An endocrine cell releases a hormone into the blood stream to target a receptor on the target cell. Paracrine: A signaling cell releases a local mediator to target cells (neighboring cells). Autocrine: A cell r...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 10  pages

Document information

  • October 28, 2024
  • 10
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • describe endocrine paracrine and autocrine signa

Written for

  • NROS 310
  • NROS 310

Seller

avatar-seller
FullyFocus

Reviews received

Content preview

NROS 310 Exam 3 Study Questions || with 100% Errorless
Solutions.
Describe endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling. correct answers Endocrine: An endocrine
cell releases a hormone into the blood stream to target a receptor on the target cell.

Paracrine: A signaling cell releases a local mediator to target cells (neighboring cells).

Autocrine: A cell releases a chemical signal to target itself.

How does a hormone that is released generally throughout the body end up having different
effects on (or no effects on) different cells? correct answers Hormones can have different effects
throughout the body depending on the types of GPCR pathways that are activated. Cell context
(protein and ion concentrations).

Describe what is meant by the term second messenger. For each of the following second
messengers, describe how they are generated and how they are gotten rid of: cAMP, cGMP,
Ca2+, and IP3. correct answers A second messenger is a protein who's levels increase as a
response to receptor activation, they also trigger downstream effects (cascades).

cAMP: Adenylyl cyclase is the enzyme to make cAMP. PDE breaks down cAMP. cAMP
activates PKA.

cGMP: SGC is the enzyme that makes cGMP activates PKG which phosphorylates cation
channels in rod cells and is degraded by PDE.

Ca2+: IP3 or kinases (e.g. PKA) activate Ca2+ channels. They are removed by phosphatases.
Ca2+ pump maintain homeostasis.

IP3: PLC (Pip2 to IP3 and DAG). Negative feedback step uses PPP.

Why is Ca2+ considered a second messenger but Na+ is not? correct answers Because Ca2+ is
used in the activation of pathways and other biological processes unlike Na+.

What are the main differences between ion channel coupled receptors, GPCRs, and enzyme
linked receptors? correct answers Ion channel coupled receptors: They are classical
neurotransmitter receptors where a signaling molecule binds and the channel opens.

GPCRs: Contains a seven transmembrane domain receptor for ligand binding, a heterotrimeric
subunit (alpha, beta, gamma) which is mediated by the alpha subunit binding GDP and GTP
when active separating alpha from the other two.

Enzyme linked receptors: Two halves of a molecule are separated and a ligand brings them
together which activates them through dimerization.

, What types of biological processes would be best served by a negative feedback type of
signaling? What types of biological processes would be best served by a positive feedback type
of signaling? correct answers Negative feedback best serves things that require homeostasis in
order to keep things at a set level such as heart rate or glucose level.

Positive feedback best serves thing such as childbirth (Oxytocin) and apoptosis (Programmed
cell death), for when the body needs to reach extremes.

How can a simple signaling molecule such as acetylcholine have such different effects on
different cells? correct answers Context, the receptor, and the circuitry of the brain matter
allowing for different effects from the same molecule.

GPCRs have been described as GEFs for heterotrimeric G proteins. Is this accurate? Explain
why or why not. correct answers Yes, GPCR are described as heterotrimeric because is it
contains a alpha, beta, and gamma subunit that form the G protein. This G protein will exhibit a
conformation change when a ligand binds to the GPCR causing the alpha-GDP to break off and
form alpha-GTP

Outline the signal transduction pathway by which a neuropeptide could result in both the
activation of existing ion channels and the production of additional ion channels assuming that
the effect is mediated by a GPCR coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Include the shutting off of the
system by GRKs and arrestin and include other negative feedback steps. correct answers Draw
the GPCR cAMP pathway (Lecture 21).

Where does amplification occur in the pathway you outlined for a GPCR pathway? correct
answers Amplification occurs when increased levels of cAMP activate PKA to promote
transcription factors and phosphorylation of ion channels.

What is the main effect of activating Gs on cAMP levels? What is the effect of activating Gi on
cAMP levels? How can interactions with either G protein cause an increase in cAMP? correct
answers Activation of Gs causes an increase in cAMP levels (Activates AC 1).

Activation of Gi causes a decrease in cAMP levels (Inhibits AC 1 and activates AC 2).

Activating Gs (alpha subunit activates AC 2) and alpha-GDP in the Gi (activates AC 2) resulting
in increased levels of cAMP.

What effect would the inhibition of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) have on cAMP levels? correct
answers Inhibiting PDE would cause and increase in cAMP levels.

Describe the effects of cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, GTP-gS, and GDP-bS on GPCR signaling.
correct answers Cholera toxin increases the activity of Gs leading to higher cAMP levels because
the alpha subunit is always active.

Pertussis toxin inhibits the activity of Gi leading to higher levels of cAMP levels because it
inhibits the inhibitor in AC 1.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller FullyFocus. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £9.14. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

64670 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

FDNYC G60 Study Exam Questions and Answers 2023 - 2024 (Verified)

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

ARRT Practice Questions 2024 with Guaranteed Accurate Answers

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

ILE PREP FINAL Exam | 150 Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

AGACNP - NU 636 (Advanced Pharmacology) Midterm Exam Q & S 2024.

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

CCHP General Test Questions with 100% Correct Verified Answers

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

ANCC PMHNP Cert Exam Review Questions correctly answered 2023

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

ATI PHARMACOLOGY PROCTORED EXAM RETAKE GUIDE LATEST (GRADED A+).

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

Exam (elaborations) NUR 307 (NUR 307) NUR 307 - Pharm Exam 3 Study Guide.

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

FMF Practice Test Core Questions And Answers 2023/2024 Study Updates

£9.14
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added