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The Neoplastic Phenotype
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Introduction to neoplasm and in depth exploration of benign vs malignant neoplasms, the harmful effects, the origin, the phases of oncogenes and the relationship of neoplasm and the immune system.

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  • October 29, 2024
  • 7
  • 2023/2024
  • Lecture notes
  • Dr helen james
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L2: THE NEOPLASTIC PHENOTYPE [27/09/2022]



I. WHAT IS NEOPLASM?

Neoplasm is an abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. From ancient Greek, neo means ‘new’ and
plasma means ‘formation, creation’. This means new growth.

Neoplastic means pertaining to neoplasms or to neoplasia – the process of forming a neoplasm.

‘An abnormal mass of cells arising from a growth disorder characterised by genetic alterations that
lead to loss of the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth, metabolism,
morphogenesis and differentiation.’

II. CONSTITUENTS OF NEOPLASM
1. Neoplastic cells: tumour cells
- Transformed (genetically
changed) cells
2. Stromal cells
- Connective tissue, including blood
vessels
 Support tumour cell growth
- Lymphoid cells and other
leucocytes
 React to presence of tumour

Proportions vary in different tumours.

III. TYPES OF NEOPLASM

Neoplasm is crudely classified as: benign, malignant (‘cancer’), indeterminate (borderline; uncertain
malignant potential).

Better classified by type of tumour + site of origin

- Solid Neoplasm
 Leiomyoma of the myometrium (benign)
Leiomyoma = benign neoplasm of smooth muscle
Myometrium = muscle wall of uterus (womb)
 Adenocarcinoma of the colon (malignant)
Adenocarcinoma = malignant glandular neoplasm
Colon = main part of the large intestine
 Phaeochromocytoma of the adrenal gland (indeterminate)
Phaeochromocytoma = hormone (catecholamine) -secreting neoplasm, which may be benign or
malignant
Adrenal gland = endocrine organ situated just above the kidney
- Liquid Phase Neoplasm (origin: bone marrow -> blood)
 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

IV. BENIGN VS MALIGNANT

BENIGN NEOPLASMS MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
Circumscribed growth Ill-defined growth

, Smooth boundary with normal tissues Irregular boundary with normal tissues
(capsule)
Well-differentiated – resemble normal Differentiation varies (good -> poor)
counterpart
Slow growth Rate of growth varied (slow -> rapid)
May be multiple Local invasion and tissue destruction
Never invade normal tissue May metastasise (DDC and gliomas
exceptions; they rarely metastasise)
Never metastasises




Indeterminate Neoplasms: uncertain maligant potential
 Pathological features not conclusive
 Await events to be sure of nature
 EXAMPLES:
Certain endocrine tumours (e.g. adrenal phaechromocytoma; Leydic cell tumour of
the testis)
Stromal tumours of the gastro-intestinal tract
V. HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE PATIENT

Local:

- Mass (benign and malignant)
 Effects depends on location: small mass in crucial situation may have profound
effects
 May be complicated by:
(a) Ulceration
(b) Haemorrhage
(c) Obstruction
(d) Rupture

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