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BIOL 266 Final Exam Review Study Guide Solutions Updated 2024 structural bioinformatics - ANSWER-field that predicts and models function from 3D structure genomics - ANSWER-field that predicts phenotype from genotype molecular novelty - ANSWER-field that novel genes and gene functions from newl...

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  • November 3, 2024
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Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024




BIOL 266 Final Exam Review Study Guide

Solutions Updated 2024


structural bioinformatics - ANSWER✔✔-field that predicts and models function from 3D structure


genomics - ANSWER✔✔-field that predicts phenotype from genotype


molecular novelty - ANSWER✔✔-field that novel genes and gene functions from newly sequenced

genomes and metagenomes


evolutionary adaptation - ANSWER✔✔-field that analyzes how changes in genotype lead to changes in

phenotype and evolutionary adaptation


computational biology - ANSWER✔✔-the application of computational tools to solve biological problems

(many disciples, ie/ genomics, biophysics, ecology, molecular bio, etc.)


bioinformatics - ANSWER✔✔-more emphases on analysis of high-throughput data, notably genome-

sequence data. A subset of computational biology.


pattern discovery - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -learn patterns from biological data


prediction - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -use patterns to predict biological function


integration - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio -develop models that connect levels of info


simulation - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - model behavior of biological systems on a computer


engineering - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - design novel biological systems for specific purposes


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therapy - ANSWER✔✔-subtask of comp bio - design molecular therapeutics to combat disease


wet lab - ANSWER✔✔-data generation testing


dry lab - ANSWER✔✔-interpretation, prediction, model-building, hypothesis-generation


algorithm - ANSWER✔✔-a set of rules or instructions specifying how to solve a problem


tool - ANSWER✔✔-implementation of an algorithm (software)


sequence analysis - ANSWER✔✔-determining the optimal alignment between sequences, searching

databases, for homologs, organization and interpretation of data


phylogenetic analysis - ANSWER✔✔-organization of sequences according to their evolutionary

relationships


genome analysis - ANSWER✔✔-finding and analyzing genes within the context of an entire genome


transcriptomics and proteomics - ANSWER✔✔-examines levels of gene or protein expression


network and systems biology - ANSWER✔✔-analyzing a biological system as a network of interacting

components


synthetic biology - ANSWER✔✔-the use of computers to design new biological systems


dna polymers - ANSWER✔✔-specific sequences of nucleotides


nitrogenous base - ANSWER✔✔-nucleotides differ by which _________ they contain


genome - ANSWER✔✔-organism's DNA-based genetic instructions; composed of genes


genes - ANSWER✔✔-dna instructions for making proteins



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central dogma - ANSWER✔✔-DNA --> RNA --> protein


transcription - ANSWER✔✔-assisted by RNA polymerase


translation - ANSWER✔✔-assisted by ribosomes


mRNA, tRNA, rRNA - ANSWER✔✔-three main types of RBA; messenger, transfer, ribosomal


RNA - ANSWER✔✔--primary structure similar to DNA


-can be single or double stranded


-can exhibit different conformations (unlike DNA)


-contains U instead of T


gene expression - ANSWER✔✔-process of using DNA info to make mRNA and proteins


promoter sequence - ANSWER✔✔-what RNA polymerases look for to recognize beginning of genes


enhancers - ANSWER✔✔-. Modulate gene expression and can be far from the gene. Needed on top of

promoters for eukaryotes.


prokaryotes - ANSWER✔✔-use +ve and -ve regulation for transcription


genetic code - ANSWER✔✔-RNA to amino acids


ORF - ANSWER✔✔-long stretches of DNA that are uninterrupted by stop codons and therefore encode

protein


genes - ANSWER✔✔-ORFs + additional regulatory info


start codon - ANSWER✔✔-met, AUG, translation of DNA to RNA



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, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024


stop codons - ANSWER✔✔-UAA, UAG, UGA, expected once every 20th codon


hydrophobic amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-amino acids with long alkyl side chains. More likely to be found

in the interior of proteins. A I L M P V F W


hydrophilic (polar) amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-C N Q S T Y G


Charged amino acids - ANSWER✔✔-(-) D E, (+) K R H


sequencing - ANSWER✔✔-determining the exact nucelotide sequence of DNA


sequencing methods - ANSWER✔✔-Maxam- Gilbert: chemical degradation


Dideoxy (Sanger): chain termination


next gen (high throughput): many types


next gen methods - ANSWER✔✔-illumina (solexa)


-up to 1 Tb/rn (>5 human genomes)


-125 base pairs (paired end)




454 pyrosequencing


-up to 600 Mb/run


400-500 base pairs (single direction)


evolution - ANSWER✔✔-changes in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive

generations


genotype - ANSWER✔✔-organism's genetic information

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