Micro D311 OA All Answers Correct
What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
️️ Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells that circulate in body fluids to target
extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infecte...
What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
✔️✔️ Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells that circulate in body fluids to target
extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infected or abnormal
cells.
Describe the role of phagocytes in the immune system.
✔️✔️ Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest pathogens, cellular debris,
and foreign particles, helping to clear infections and initiate immune responses.
What is an operon, and why is it important in bacterial gene regulation?
✔️✔️ An operon is a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, allowing bacteria to
regulate multiple genes simultaneously in response to environmental changes.
How do obligate anaerobes obtain energy in the absence of oxygen?
✔️✔️ Obligate anaerobes rely on anaerobic respiration or fermentation, using alternative electron
acceptors, such as nitrates or sulfates, to generate energy without oxygen.
What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?
✔️✔️ Peptidoglycan provides structural support to bacterial cell walls, protecting cells from osmotic
lysis and giving shape to the cell.
Describe how plasmids contribute to bacterial adaptation.
✔️✔️ Plasmids carry extra-chromosomal genes that provide bacteria with adaptive traits, such as
antibiotic resistance or metabolic capabilities, enhancing survival in various environments.
What is the role of memory cells in adaptive immunity?
✔️✔️ Memory cells are long-lived immune cells that "remember" a specific pathogen, enabling a
faster and stronger immune response upon subsequent exposure.
, Explain the difference between sterilization and pasteurization.
✔️✔️ Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores, while pasteurization reduces
microbial levels in food and beverages without affecting taste, extending shelf life.
How do thermophiles survive in extreme heat?
✔️✔️ Thermophiles produce heat-stable enzymes and proteins, which maintain their function at high
temperatures, enabling survival in environments like hot springs and geothermal vents.
What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthetic bacteria?
✔️✔️ Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which drives the process of photosynthesis, allowing
photosynthetic bacteria to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Describe the structure and function of the bacterial flagellum.
✔️✔️ The bacterial flagellum is a long, whip-like appendage used for locomotion, enabling bacteria to
move toward favorable environments or away from harmful conditions through a process called
chemotaxis.
What are endospores, and why are they significant in microbiology?
✔️✔️ Endospores are highly resistant, dormant structures formed by some bacteria to survive
extreme conditions, such as heat and desiccation, making them significant in sterilization and infection
control.
How do bacteriophages contribute to genetic variation in bacteria?
✔️✔️ Bacteriophages can transfer genetic material between bacteria through transduction,
introducing new genes that may enhance bacterial survival and adaptation.
Explain the significance of acid-fast staining in microbiology.
✔️✔️ Acid-fast staining differentiates bacteria with waxy cell walls, such as Mycobacterium species,
which resist traditional staining methods and are important in diagnosing diseases like tuberculosis.
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