Exam (elaborations)

WCC Exam 1|99 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

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wcc exam 199 questions with verified answers

Institution WCC
Module WCC

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WCC Exam 1|99 Questions with Verified Answers
Lombroso - CORRECT ANSWER referred to born criminals and atavists which just
happened to share traits with certain ethnic minorities (darwinism meets racism)

Shaw and McKay - CORRECT ANSWER found that lower class neighborhoods, not
the "type" of people living there were criminogenic

Ross (1907) Sins and Society - CORRECT ANSWER switched the focus to
businessmen who committed harmful acts under the cloak of responsibility noted
that they were society's most dangerous foe, far more dangerous than the plain
criminal

Edwin Sutherland - CORRECT ANSWER defined white collar crime as: "a crime
committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his
occupation"

Sutherland - CORRECT ANSWER who agreed with ross that white collar offenders
were the real threat to society

Sutherland (and many others) - CORRECT ANSWER who argues that many
"offenses" committed by white collar criminals are treated as civil or regulatory
matters and the criminality of their conduct is obscured by these special
procedures which are unjustified, shield perpetrators fro the stigma of criminality
and are the result of discriminatory lawmaking

conceptual ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER white collar crime was defined in
vaguely and loosely defined terms

empirical ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER underestimates the influence of poverty
on other forms of crimes or so say critics, by focusing on the offender's status and
the location of the crime rather than the offense itself the concept does not
accurately reflect the behaviors that needs to be addressed

,methodological ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER defines white collar as offenses
committed by the upper class but his research focused on all sorts of offenses
including workplace theft, fraud by mechanics, deception by shoe salesman, and
crimes by corporations

Legal Ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER the concept is too sociological at the
expense of the legal definitions of white collar offending. white collar crime
should be narrowly defined to include certain behaviors

Policy Ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER vagueness of the definition coupled with its
purely academic focus creates a disconnect between those developing policies
and procedures to respond to white-collar crime and those studying white collar
crime

Clinard and Quinney (1973) - CORRECT ANSWER attempted to bring more precise
to the definition, bifurcated the concept to include corporate crime and
occupational crime

corporate crime - CORRECT ANSWER illegal behaviors committed by employees of
the corporation to benefit the corporate or business

occupational crime - CORRECT ANSWER any act punishable by law that is
committed through opportunity created in the course of an occupation that is
legitimate

organizational deviance - CORRECT ANSWER actions which are contrary to norms
maintained by others outside the corporation but supported by the internal
operating norms of the organization

Herbert Edelhertz - CORRECT ANSWER "white collar crime is democratic and can
be committed by a bank clerk or the head of the institution"
Thought Sutherland's definition was too restrictive, proposed the following: an
illegal act or series of acts committed by a nonphysical means and by concealment
or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid payment or loss of money or
property or to obtain business or person advantage

, 4 subdivisions of white collar crime (Edelhertz) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. crimes by
persons operating on an individual, ad hoc basis, for personal gain in a non
business context
2. crimes in the course of their occupation by those operating inside business,
government, or other professional capacity in violation of their duty of loyalty and
fidelity to their employer or clients
3. crimes incidental to and in furtherance of business operations, but not the
central purpose of such business operations.
4. white-collar crime as a business or central activity of the business

Harold Pepinsky - CORRECT ANSWER Believed Sutherland's definition was not
broad enough and thought that social injury and exploitation should be used as
touchstones in defining WCC
WCC should be defined as any act which cases social injury and is accomplished
through exploitation
All property should be held in common and denying someone the use of property
you weren't using was a form of exploitation

Yale Law School Project (1982-1991) - CORRECT ANSWER Settled on 8 federal
offenses that they believed represented the range of white collar crime (securities
fraud, antitrust violations, bribery, tax offenses, bank embezzlement, postal and
wire fraud, false claims and statements, and credit and lending institution fraud)

Findings of Yale law school project - CORRECT ANSWER most of defendants were
middle class not elites
female offenders were characterized by occupational marginality
offenders were unemployed at the time of the crime
white collar offenders were sentenced more harshly than street offenders

Elite deviance - CORRECT ANSWER harmful acts committed by persons from the
highest strata of society. some of the acts are crimes, so elite deviance may be
criminal or noncriminal

C. Wright Mills - CORRECT ANSWER a small group of wealthy and power
individuals "the power elite" controls America's dominant institutions and
include:

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