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Protein Synthesis Summary

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Summary of the steps of transcription and translation.

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  • January 1, 2025
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  • 2015/2016
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3.10 Protein Synthesis
First review @November 6, 2023

Practise Q's Done

amino acid sequence of a protein is coded for by codons

a section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of codons to code for a whole
protein is called a gene

Transcription
in eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained within double membrane called nuclear envelope

chromosomal DNA is too large to leave the nucleus so it is transcribed to RNA so that
protein synthesis can occur at ribosomes— this process is called transcription

DNA is unwound by DNA helicase enzyme

only one of the two DNA strands contains the gene— this is the sense strand and runs in
the 5’ to 3’ direction

the other strand is complementary to the sense strand and doesn’t code for a protein
— this is the antisense strand and acts as the template strand

the non-coding section of DNA is transcribed to complementary RNA, which is then
a replica of the coding section of DNA (sense strand)

process of transcription:

free RNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the
antisense strand

phosphodiester bonds are formed between the RNA nucleotides by RNA
polymerase

transcription stops at the end of the gene and the completed short strand of RNA is
called messenger RNA (mRNA)— contains the same bases as the sequence of bases
making up the gene however the base uracil on mRNA replaces thymine

mRNA molecule detaches from DNA template strand and leaves the nucleus through
a nuclear pore to travel to a ribosome so that translation can occur and the DNA
double helix reforms




3.10 Protein Synthesis 1

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