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BIOL2220 final exam Questions and Answers
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Homeostasis - Maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment Significance of Homeostasis - Disruption can lead to disease; Body can adapt to mild stressors; Variables that need to remain constant: composition, temperature, volume Positive Feedback Loops - Positive F...

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  • January 4, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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  • biol2220 final exam questions and answers

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BIOL2220 final exam Questions and
Answers
Homeostasis - Maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal
environment


Significance of Homeostasis - Disruption can lead to disease; Body can adapt to
mild stressors; Variables that need to remain constant: composition, temperature,
volume


Positive Feedback Loops - Positive Feedback: the response of system goes in the
same direction as the change


Negative Feedback Loops - Negative Feedback: [definition not provided]


Cellular Signalling - Specialised cells → tissues → organs; Communication via
transmitters allows functioning; Involves gap junctions and cell-to-cell interactions


Juxtacrine Signalling - Direct contact between cells; Gap junctions


Paracrine Signalling - Short distance, immediate cellular environment; Local
coordination (proliferation and differentiation)


Autocrine Signalling - Cell signals to self; Self-stimulation (immune system) or
self-identity (development)


Endocrine Signalling - To distant sites, via hormones in the bloodstream;
Development and physiology

,Processes in Cell Signalling - Paracrine: signal received from presynaptic neuron
on nearby postsynaptic neuron; Autocrine: signal sent + received by presynaptic
neuron


Neuroendocrine Signalling - Neurosecretory neurons release neurohormones


Nervous System Communication - Wired signals, travel by neural connection


Endocrine System Communication - Wireless signals, travel via blood stream
(hormones)


Chemical Signals - Neurotransmitters, growth factors, metabolites, hormones,
ECM components, ions


Receptors - Bind to initiate a physiological response - transmit through sequences
of molecular switches to signalling pathways


Gap Junctions - Formed when 2 connexons adjacently come together to form a
narrow pore between cells - allowing small molecules and ions to move from cell
to cell providing metabolic and electrical coupling


Hormones - Produced in specialised cells/organs, travel via blood


Endocrine Glands - Have specialised cells, produce hormones


Target Organs/Tissues - Must have specific receptors, circulating hormones will
contact, only some respond

, Steroid Hormones - Derived from lipid cholesterol


Peptide-Protein Hormones - Long amino chains or short linked chains


Amine Hormones - Modified amino


Hormone Actions - Synthesised and released (stored in vesicles/released as
synthesised); Transported in blood (protein (un)bound); Received at cell
(intra/extra-cellular); Elicit cell actions and responses
(rapid/slow/sustained/cyclical/pulsatile)


Signal Transduction - Classical Genomic Signalling: lipophilic - can diffuse across
membrane + interact with receptors inside cell; Non-Genomic Signalling:
extracellular receptors (GPCRs) have been identified - exact contributions not well
understood


Types of Receptors - G-protein coupled; Ion channel; Enzyme-linked; [can be
ligand-gated channels]


G-Proteins and Signal Transduction - No hormone = GDP is bound to α subunit of
G protein; Hormone attaches to receptor = regulatory components (β & γ) detach
from α and GDP bound to α is exchanged for GPT; Activated α alters function of
another membrane protein usually a channel/enzyme (adenylate cyclase,
phospholipase C)


Primary Endocrine Organs - Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, gonads

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