functionalism: subculture theory- interactionalist:
Durkheim: functionalist theory- deviant behaviour+ subcultures social construction of crime-
crime is normal and integral part of all healthy are determined by external force no act in inherently deviant in every situation→ only when it’s
society → it is inevitable and universal. → behaviour is a response to a labelled as deviant.
reasons- incorrect/ unequal socialisation situation. Becker: social groups create deviance by creating rules. E.g. nudity
diversity in lifestyle→ what some people think is albert Cohen: status frustration- is accepted in some situations.
normal others think is deviant. delinquency was collective not an labelling-
society has anomie→ rules become weakened. individual response→ crime was not all offences are punished.
positive aspects of crime- done for the trill. factors- interaction with agencies.
boundary maintenance: w/c boys face anomie in appearance
when someone beaks a law there is publicity education because of cultural circumstance of offence
around it → this reaffirms norms and values deprivation. they will also look at how law is enforced.
which reinforces united condemnation. status frustration occurs from low Piliavin + briar: physical cues impact arrest E.g. class/ gender/
previously this was though public punishments status→ they reject values ethnicity.
now it’s done though dramatization of media. forming subculture. example: Cicourel: negotiation of justice-
stan Cohen: ‘folk devils’ are created by the alternative status hierarchy- arrests are influenced by stereotypes.
media. subcultures invert values of typification- law enforcers have a typical delinquent→ often
adaption to social change: mainstream society→ what showed class bias leading to more patrol in w/c areas → causing
all change starts will an act of deviance → they mainstream condemns more arrests.
must challenge social control to change it. subcultures praise. justice is not fixed but negotiable → m/c are less likely to be
at first is appears as deviance but in the future offer alternative status hierarchy. charged → counselled, warned, released.
may rise to be new culture and morality. Ao3- Downes: no evidence of implications of crime statistics-
if all new ideas are suppressed, society will stay proper subculture. assumes w/c shouldn’t be taken at face value. → should focus more on the
the same and nor make necessary change. have the same goals as the m/c. process.
social cohesion: Cloward + Ohlin: three supports crime is socially constructed→ outcomes depend on
crime strengthens social cohesion→ crime subculture- labels attached to an individual’s (typification + stereotypes)
towards a community draw people together different subcultures respond dark figure-
though outrage. differently to lack of opportunities crime goes undetected, unreported, and unrecorded.
there is a desirable level of crime- → they also have different access sociologists prefer alternative stats (victim surveys) → however
too much threatens to tear the bonds with to illegitimate means. they can still be limited in credibility.
society apart but to little means society is criminal culture- organised effects of labelling-
repressing freedom and preventing change. criminal underworld young Edwin Lemert: societal recreation-
the only solution is re-imposing collective values. people become apprentices. recreation of deviance.
other functions of crime- conflict culture- no criminal primary + secondary deviance-
safety valve: underworld, people turn to gang primary- deviant acts that aren’t publicly labelled often
Davis: there is conflict between the and need for violence which provides a release. rationalised (moment of madness) → don’t see themselves as
sexual satisfaction + oppression of sex in the retreatist culture- double failures deviant.
family → prostitutes serve function. and turn to use drugs. secondary- result of societal recreation → caught + labelled as
Polsky: pornography safely channels sexual Ao3- ignores wealthy crime + too criminal.
desire that isn’t adultery→ manage and regulate deterministic of w/c crime. becomes their master status causing an identity crisis.
deviance. Marxist suggests they ignore the deviance can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy→ when accept your
warning function: wider power structure. deviant label secondary deviance occurs.
crime provides a worming that there is a defect is there even a mainstream E.g. cannot get a job due to criminal status so turn to criminal
in society→ change needs to occur. culture in modern society. means and subcultures.
Ao3: (overall) doesn’t suggest the right amount questioning the strain theory- young: drug takers-
of crime to be desired. miller: w/c subcultures- hippy marijuana- drugs were aside to hippy life (primary)
doesn’t explain differential rates. deviant subcultures aren’t from drugs could have them prosecuted + labelled→ this created hippies
ignores conflict/ power. blocked opportunities, but the as outsiders and created a deviant subculture.
crime doesn’t always promote social solidarity. w/c just have different values to drug use then became central (secondary)
Merton: strain theory- the m/c. w/c values are based self-fulfilling prophecy occurs and deviance is a result of social
deviant behaviour occurs when goals can’t be around toughness, smartness, reaction.
achieved by legitimate means. excitement→ which lead to crime. labelling process-
anomie- socially approved goals are not available mirza: delinquency + drift- 1-pubically labelled
to majority of population by approved means. other theories are too 2-encouage deviance
this causes strain between success + opportunity deterministic → suggest 3-offical treatment of deviance
which produces frustration→ more pressure on delinquents have free will + don’t 4-deviant career
achieving goals then doing it legitimately. follow basic norms and values. 5-deviant subculture
causes of anomie- mirza recognises these when → becoming deviant is a process but not inevitable.
the goals culture wants you to achieve (cultural) regular values are replaced: Downes + rock: cannot predict if a label will create a deviant
limit of what institutions allow you to achieve subterranean values- of enjoying career.
(structural) the moment. stan Cohen: deviance amplification spiral-
deviance is defined by societies norms and techniques of neutralisation- attempt to control deviance that led to increase in deviance→
values. individuals who feel the law causes a spiral→ societies reaction to mods + rockers.
adaptions to strain- being blocked form success doesn’t apply to them on an (folk devils + moral panic)
leads to deviance → people choose different occasion. press exaggerated events and caused moral panic→ arresting more
types of deviance. drift- crime isn’t organised people youths caused further marginalisation causing more deviance.
conformity- accept means and goals→ law drift into crime due to social reaction to an initial deviant behaviour leads to further
abiding. subterranean values and deviance and not social control → unlike what functionalist
innovation- rejects means and accepts goals → techniques of neutralisation. suggest.
stealing/ shoplifting. recent strain theories- labelling and criminal justice policy-
ritualism- accept means reject goals→ dead end Messner + Rosenfeld: social control causes more deviance.
jobs. institutional anomie theory- Triplett: young offenders are seen as evil and there is less
retreatism- reject means and goals→ there is an obsession with the tolerance of minor deviance→ this results in an increase + negative
alcoholism/ drug addiction. American dream → people are labels create deviance (secondary deviance)
rebellion- reject goals and means + replaces encouraged to adopt an anything social construct of suicide-
them with new ones→ counterculture/ hippies. goes mentality to pursuit wealth. to understand we need to study the meaning of those who kills
Ao3- doesn’t explain why people choose Downes + Hansen: themselves.
different types. societies that put more money on Douglas: suicide is a social construction a product of a decision.
not all crimes are money related. welfare had lower crime rates → quantitative methods are needed E.g. suicide notes/ victim
not everyone shares value consensus → wants protecting the poor from stain. statements/ biographies.
the same goal. Atkinson: Danish coroners put some death down to suicide than
other actual reasons.
Durkheim: functionalist theory- deviant behaviour+ subcultures social construction of crime-
crime is normal and integral part of all healthy are determined by external force no act in inherently deviant in every situation→ only when it’s
society → it is inevitable and universal. → behaviour is a response to a labelled as deviant.
reasons- incorrect/ unequal socialisation situation. Becker: social groups create deviance by creating rules. E.g. nudity
diversity in lifestyle→ what some people think is albert Cohen: status frustration- is accepted in some situations.
normal others think is deviant. delinquency was collective not an labelling-
society has anomie→ rules become weakened. individual response→ crime was not all offences are punished.
positive aspects of crime- done for the trill. factors- interaction with agencies.
boundary maintenance: w/c boys face anomie in appearance
when someone beaks a law there is publicity education because of cultural circumstance of offence
around it → this reaffirms norms and values deprivation. they will also look at how law is enforced.
which reinforces united condemnation. status frustration occurs from low Piliavin + briar: physical cues impact arrest E.g. class/ gender/
previously this was though public punishments status→ they reject values ethnicity.
now it’s done though dramatization of media. forming subculture. example: Cicourel: negotiation of justice-
stan Cohen: ‘folk devils’ are created by the alternative status hierarchy- arrests are influenced by stereotypes.
media. subcultures invert values of typification- law enforcers have a typical delinquent→ often
adaption to social change: mainstream society→ what showed class bias leading to more patrol in w/c areas → causing
all change starts will an act of deviance → they mainstream condemns more arrests.
must challenge social control to change it. subcultures praise. justice is not fixed but negotiable → m/c are less likely to be
at first is appears as deviance but in the future offer alternative status hierarchy. charged → counselled, warned, released.
may rise to be new culture and morality. Ao3- Downes: no evidence of implications of crime statistics-
if all new ideas are suppressed, society will stay proper subculture. assumes w/c shouldn’t be taken at face value. → should focus more on the
the same and nor make necessary change. have the same goals as the m/c. process.
social cohesion: Cloward + Ohlin: three supports crime is socially constructed→ outcomes depend on
crime strengthens social cohesion→ crime subculture- labels attached to an individual’s (typification + stereotypes)
towards a community draw people together different subcultures respond dark figure-
though outrage. differently to lack of opportunities crime goes undetected, unreported, and unrecorded.
there is a desirable level of crime- → they also have different access sociologists prefer alternative stats (victim surveys) → however
too much threatens to tear the bonds with to illegitimate means. they can still be limited in credibility.
society apart but to little means society is criminal culture- organised effects of labelling-
repressing freedom and preventing change. criminal underworld young Edwin Lemert: societal recreation-
the only solution is re-imposing collective values. people become apprentices. recreation of deviance.
other functions of crime- conflict culture- no criminal primary + secondary deviance-
safety valve: underworld, people turn to gang primary- deviant acts that aren’t publicly labelled often
Davis: there is conflict between the and need for violence which provides a release. rationalised (moment of madness) → don’t see themselves as
sexual satisfaction + oppression of sex in the retreatist culture- double failures deviant.
family → prostitutes serve function. and turn to use drugs. secondary- result of societal recreation → caught + labelled as
Polsky: pornography safely channels sexual Ao3- ignores wealthy crime + too criminal.
desire that isn’t adultery→ manage and regulate deterministic of w/c crime. becomes their master status causing an identity crisis.
deviance. Marxist suggests they ignore the deviance can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy→ when accept your
warning function: wider power structure. deviant label secondary deviance occurs.
crime provides a worming that there is a defect is there even a mainstream E.g. cannot get a job due to criminal status so turn to criminal
in society→ change needs to occur. culture in modern society. means and subcultures.
Ao3: (overall) doesn’t suggest the right amount questioning the strain theory- young: drug takers-
of crime to be desired. miller: w/c subcultures- hippy marijuana- drugs were aside to hippy life (primary)
doesn’t explain differential rates. deviant subcultures aren’t from drugs could have them prosecuted + labelled→ this created hippies
ignores conflict/ power. blocked opportunities, but the as outsiders and created a deviant subculture.
crime doesn’t always promote social solidarity. w/c just have different values to drug use then became central (secondary)
Merton: strain theory- the m/c. w/c values are based self-fulfilling prophecy occurs and deviance is a result of social
deviant behaviour occurs when goals can’t be around toughness, smartness, reaction.
achieved by legitimate means. excitement→ which lead to crime. labelling process-
anomie- socially approved goals are not available mirza: delinquency + drift- 1-pubically labelled
to majority of population by approved means. other theories are too 2-encouage deviance
this causes strain between success + opportunity deterministic → suggest 3-offical treatment of deviance
which produces frustration→ more pressure on delinquents have free will + don’t 4-deviant career
achieving goals then doing it legitimately. follow basic norms and values. 5-deviant subculture
causes of anomie- mirza recognises these when → becoming deviant is a process but not inevitable.
the goals culture wants you to achieve (cultural) regular values are replaced: Downes + rock: cannot predict if a label will create a deviant
limit of what institutions allow you to achieve subterranean values- of enjoying career.
(structural) the moment. stan Cohen: deviance amplification spiral-
deviance is defined by societies norms and techniques of neutralisation- attempt to control deviance that led to increase in deviance→
values. individuals who feel the law causes a spiral→ societies reaction to mods + rockers.
adaptions to strain- being blocked form success doesn’t apply to them on an (folk devils + moral panic)
leads to deviance → people choose different occasion. press exaggerated events and caused moral panic→ arresting more
types of deviance. drift- crime isn’t organised people youths caused further marginalisation causing more deviance.
conformity- accept means and goals→ law drift into crime due to social reaction to an initial deviant behaviour leads to further
abiding. subterranean values and deviance and not social control → unlike what functionalist
innovation- rejects means and accepts goals → techniques of neutralisation. suggest.
stealing/ shoplifting. recent strain theories- labelling and criminal justice policy-
ritualism- accept means reject goals→ dead end Messner + Rosenfeld: social control causes more deviance.
jobs. institutional anomie theory- Triplett: young offenders are seen as evil and there is less
retreatism- reject means and goals→ there is an obsession with the tolerance of minor deviance→ this results in an increase + negative
alcoholism/ drug addiction. American dream → people are labels create deviance (secondary deviance)
rebellion- reject goals and means + replaces encouraged to adopt an anything social construct of suicide-
them with new ones→ counterculture/ hippies. goes mentality to pursuit wealth. to understand we need to study the meaning of those who kills
Ao3- doesn’t explain why people choose Downes + Hansen: themselves.
different types. societies that put more money on Douglas: suicide is a social construction a product of a decision.
not all crimes are money related. welfare had lower crime rates → quantitative methods are needed E.g. suicide notes/ victim
not everyone shares value consensus → wants protecting the poor from stain. statements/ biographies.
the same goal. Atkinson: Danish coroners put some death down to suicide than
other actual reasons.
