from C to A*!!!!!
summary sheets of full topics helpful for key information/ theories/ theorists needed for the top marks
top tip: use these while answering example questions to practice structure while reviewing key information
functionalism: subculture theory- interactionalist:
Durkheim: functionalist theory- deviant behaviour+ subcultures social construction of crime-
crime is normal and integral part of all healthy are determined by external force no act in inherently deviant in every situation→ only when it’s
society → it is inevitable and universal. → behaviour is a response to a labelled as deviant.
reasons- incorrect/ unequal socialisation situation. Becker: social groups create deviance by creating rules. E.g. nudity
diversity in lifestyle→ what some people think is albert Cohen: status frustration- is accepted in some situations.
normal others think is deviant. delinquency was collective not an labelling-
society has anomie→ rules become weakened. individual response→ crime was not all offences are punished.
positive aspects of crime- done for the trill. factors- interaction with agencies.
boundary maintenance: w/c boys face anomie in appearance
when someone beaks a law there is publicity education because of cultural circumstance of offence
around it → this reaffirms norms and values deprivation. they will also look at how law is enforced.
which reinforces united condemnation. status frustration occurs from low Piliavin + briar: physical cues impact arrest E.g. class/ gender/
previously this was though public punishments status→ they reject values ethnicity.
now it’s done though dramatization of media. forming subculture. example: Cicourel: negotiation of justice-
stan Cohen: ‘folk devils’ are created by the alternative status hierarchy- arrests are influenced by stereotypes.
media. subcultures invert values of typification- law enforcers have a typical delinquent→ often
adaption to social change: mainstream society→ what showed class bias leading to more patrol in w/c areas → causing
all change starts will an act of deviance → they mainstream condemns more arrests.
must challenge social control to change it. subcultures praise. justice is not fixed but negotiable → m/c are less likely to be
at first is appears as deviance but in the future offer alternative status hierarchy. charged → counselled, warned, released.
may rise to be new culture and morality. Ao3- Downes: no evidence of implications of crime statistics-
if all new ideas are suppressed, society will stay proper subculture. assumes w/c shouldn’t be taken at face value. → should focus more on the
the same and nor make necessary change. have the same goals as the m/c. process.
social cohesion: Cloward + Ohlin: three supports crime is socially constructed→ outcomes depend on
crime strengthens social cohesion→ crime subculture- labels attached to an individual’s (typification + stereotypes)
towards a community draw people together different subcultures respond dark figure-
though outrage. differently to lack of opportunities crime goes undetected, unreported, and unrecorded.
there is a desirable level of crime- → they also have different access sociologists prefer alternative stats (victim surveys) → however
too much threatens to tear the bonds with to illegitimate means. they can still be limited in credibility.
society apart but to little means society is criminal culture- organised effects of labelling-
repressing freedom and preventing change. criminal underworld young Edwin Lemert: societal recreation-
the only solution is re-imposing collective values. people become apprentices. recreation of deviance.
other functions of crime- conflict culture- no criminal primary + secondary deviance-
safety valve: underworld, people turn to gang primary- deviant acts that aren’t publicly labelled often
Davis: there is conflict between the and need for violence which provides a release. rationalised (moment of madness) → don’t see themselves as
sexual satisfaction + oppression of sex in the retreatist culture- double failures deviant.
family → prostitutes serve function. and turn to use drugs. secondary- result of societal recreation → caught + labelled as
Polsky: pornography safely channels sexual Ao3- ignores wealthy crime + too criminal.
desire that isn’t adultery→ manage and regulate deterministic of w/c crime. becomes their master status causing an identity crisis.
deviance. Marxist suggests they ignore the deviance can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy→ when accept your
warning function: wider power structure. deviant label secondary deviance occurs.
crime provides a worming that there is a defect is there even a mainstream E.g. cannot get a job due to criminal status so turn to criminal
in society→ change needs to occur. culture in modern society. means and subcultures.
Ao3: (overall) doesn’t suggest the right amount questioning the strain theory- young: drug takers-
of crime to be desired. miller: w/c subcultures- hippy marijuana- drugs were aside to hippy life (primary)
doesn’t explain differential rates. deviant subcultures aren’t from drugs could have them prosecuted + labelled→ this created hippies
ignores conflict/ power. blocked opportunities, but the as outsiders and created a deviant subculture.
crime doesn’t always promote social solidarity. w/c just have different values to drug use then became central (secondary)
Merton: strain theory- the m/c. w/c values are based self-fulfilling prophecy occurs and deviance is a result of social
deviant behaviour occurs when goals can’t be around toughness, smartness, reaction.
achieved by legitimate means. excitement→ which lead to crime. labelling process-
anomie- socially approved goals are not available mirza: delinquency + drift- 1-pubically labelled
to majority of population by approved means. other theories are too 2-encouage deviance
this causes strain between success + opportunity deterministic → suggest 3-offical treatment of deviance
which produces frustration→ more pressure on delinquents have free will + don’t 4-deviant career
achieving goals then doing it legitimately. follow basic norms and values. 5-deviant subculture
causes of anomie- mirza recognises these when → becoming deviant is a process but not inevitable.
the goals culture wants you to achieve (cultural) regular values are replaced: Downes + rock: cannot predict if a label will create a deviant
limit of what institutions allow you to achieve subterranean values- of enjoying career.
(structural) the moment. stan Cohen: deviance amplification spiral-
deviance is defined by societies norms and techniques of neutralisation- attempt to control deviance that led to increase in deviance→
values. individuals who feel the law causes a spiral→ societies reaction to mods + rockers.
adaptions to strain- being blocked form success doesn’t apply to them on an (folk devils + moral panic)
leads to deviance → people choose different occasion. press exaggerated events and caused moral panic→ arresting more
types of deviance. drift- crime isn’t organised people youths caused further marginalisation causing more deviance.
conformity- accept means and goals→ law drift into crime due to social reaction to an initial deviant behaviour leads to further
abiding. subterranean values and deviance and not social control → unlike what functionalist
innovation- rejects means and accepts goals → techniques of neutralisation. suggest.
stealing/ shoplifting. recent strain theories- labelling and criminal justice policy-
ritualism- accept means reject goals→ dead end Messner + Rosenfeld: social control causes more deviance.
jobs. institutional anomie theory- Triplett: young offenders are seen as evil and there is less
retreatism- reject means and goals→ there is an obsession with the tolerance of minor deviance→ this results in an increase + negative
alcoholism/ drug addiction. American dream → people are labels create deviance (secondary deviance)
rebellion- reject goals and means + replaces encouraged to adopt an anything social construct of suicide-
them with new ones→ counterculture/ hippies. goes mentality to pursuit wealth. to understand we need to study the meaning of those who kills
Ao3- doesn’t explain why people choose Downes + Hansen: themselves.
different types. societies that put more money on Douglas: suicide is a social construction a product of a decision.
not all crimes are money related. welfare had lower crime rates → quantitative methods are needed E.g. suicide notes/ victim
not everyone shares value consensus → wants protecting the poor from stain. statements/ biographies.
the same goal. Atkinson: Danish coroners put some death down to suicide than
other actual reasons.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller hattiemsullivan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £8.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
