Summary
Summary Edward IV's Reign
- Module
- Wars of the Roses
- Institution
- OCR
Edward IV's Reign domestic and foreign policy
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Edward IV 1461-1470 1471-1483How Edward Became King- 1st Reign:
Margaret’s Northern Host:
Mortimer’s Cross: Her army pillaged towns and villages on their way to
2nd February Edward intercepts an army made of French, Irish London. Maybe Yorkist propaganda or a false
and Breton Soldiers and defeats the army. This gained him retelling of events due to lack of specific events.
prestige as he won his first battle. 3 sons appeared in the sky When Margaret got to London, they didn’t let her in so
representing his sons suggesting God supported the claim- negotiated with her to send her army to Dunstable to
likely Yorkist propaganda prevent them pillaging the city. This was a tactical
error which left London easily accessible and scared
so they would let in Edward
Battle of Towton:
28th of March saw Lancastrians retreating from the Yorkist force at
the Battle of Ferrybridge. Lord Clifford died. Warwick took an arrow to
the leg. Next day, two armies met at Towton where Lancs had the 2nd Battle of St Albans:
high ground and waited for Yorkist arrival. Snow and rain blew in the Margaret’s army defeated Warwick’s 17th February 146. Yorkists
Lanc’s direction and impaired their sight. Ed used this to his fled from towns and Yorkist nobles such as Lord Bonville were
advantage and ordered archers to fire and then step back, leaving captured and killed. Henry VI was recaptured and reunited with
Lancs to fire blindly and Yorkists to collect their arrows. Somerset family after being left behind
drove away Yorkist cavalry but due to being blinded, didn’t see the
late arrival of Norfolk. Before battle, Lancs broke Tadcaster bridge to
slow the Yorkists advance, but due to being chased by Norfolk after
blindly charging down the hill, they had to swim across the river
leaving many to drown or be killed by Yorksist (28,000 dead- Yorksist
crossed on a causeway of bodies, one of the bloodiest English
battles). Northumberland died and Deven was captured and killed
with
Henryhisand
head replacing
Margaret withYork’s in York.
their son Wiltshire
Edward thentocaptured
escaped France: in Key:
Newcastle,
They tried to gather support necessary to defeat the Yorksist with the help of
The Lancastrian Success
the Kings of Scotland and France. In return for hospitality and military help, Failure
Margaret gave Scotland Berwick in April (an English town of importance and problem and how he
close to Scottish border) In the summer, Margaret led a French attack on
dealt with it:
the Channel islands
Henry:
● H+M escaped to France with Prince
Edward
● Henry being gone put more of a focus on Prince Edward in the hopes of him
becoming king in the future
● Also noble support for Henry was still prevalent in Lancastrian families
● 1464= Lancs suffered two defeats in the North (Hedgeley Moor and Hexham) against
John Neville, Warwick’s brother
● Was captured after a year on the run in July 1465 and placed in Tower of London
○ Therefore posed little threat so killing him was not needed
Maragret:
● Tried to gather support to take on Yorkists with the help of King of France and King of
Scotland, and in return for the hospitality and military support Maragraet gave
, Scotland Berwick in 1461 (an English town of importance due to being close to
Scottish border)
● Summer 1461= Margaret and French troops attack Channel Islands but death of
Charles VII halted operation
● New King Louis XI supported Edward at Towton but was easily persuaded to support
Lancs as Margaret promised him Calais
● October 1462= Margaret tried to attack again but feld due to large Yorkist force
● Edward arranged truces with Scotland and France which brought foreign support for
Lancs to end
● Problems caused by Lanc royal family was dealt with using Nevilles, force and
diplomacy
Lancastrian Support:
● Nobles who survived Towton (Exeter, Pembroke) didn’t make peace
● Some nobles (Sir Ralph Percy) still didn’t accept his rule despite generosity
● Duntanburg given to H+M in October 1462 but Percy recaptured it
● Somerset returned to royal family 1462 and took command of Bamburgh Castle and
was still there when Warwick retook it, but his support didn't last long due to dying at
Hexham
● Still had figure head of Henry and Prince Edward
● Edward adopted a Policy of Conciliation with Lanc nobles as he only really had the
support of his father’s legacy (Nevilles and Bouchier)
● Realised he had to win over opposing nobility by building bridges with heirs and
those who were killed in their
○ Henry was captured so was important to win their support due to likely
support for him given the chance
● Only 14 nobles attained of which most dies
○ Allowed familes to regain control of estates of under age heirs (Buckingham
and Shrewsbury) rather than taking for himself
● Warwick= job to recapture Lanc castles Dunstanburgh, Bamburgh and Alnwick and
completed in 1462
● Managed to charm Somerset into a genuine friendship helping Edward recapture
Alnwick in 1463
● Did his best to give Lancs every opportunity to serve in his Gov
● Little gentry rose up in support of Henry on his return
April 1464- Battle of Hedgeley Moor:
Lord Montagu (Neville) was confronted by Somerset and a Lancastrian army in the North as
he was on his way North to Scotland as an escort for a Scottish delegation headed for truce
talks with York. Monyagu was outnumbered but attacked them head on. Ralph Percy was
killed, leaving the Lancastrian army to scatter and flee.
May1464- Battle of Hexham:
Somerset was determined to beat Montagu so took position near Hexham. Montagu took
Somerset by surprise and led to a Yorksist victory. Somerset, Hungerford and Ross were
beheaded but it was unclear if Henry was there.
Aims of Edward:
Recognition of legitimacy from foreign powers:
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