This is a handwritten summary of essentially the entire AQA Biology A-Level textbook in less than 200 pages. It has a few gaps, it only contains 2 of the statistical tests (student t and chi-squared) and it doesn't include the chapter on 'investigating transport in plants'. It provides an overview ...
Lovalent atoms share the
filled therefore creating
* in their outer shells outer shells of both stable molecule
pairof electrons atoms
>
- a so are a
*Ionic
charges attract
ions weaker than covalent bonds
opposite each other
by electrostatic attraction;
&
of
*
Hydrogen >
- a weak electrostatic bond
formed between 2 or more polar molecules /molecule with a n un even distribution
of charge) Although individually
. each bond is
they collectively form
weak, importantforces eg . water
generalformula (CH2O)n
↳ Monosaccharides substances with the
are sweet
tasting
,
soluble where n is a number
from 3-7
eg
.
glucose -
which somes in Lisomers :
alpha (a) and beta /B)
↓ ↓
oil
↳ Disaccharides are a
pair of monosaccharides
joined by glycosidic
a bond
through a condensation reaction
↳ Polysaccharides by glycosidic
are polymersformedby thejoining of
many
monosaccharides bonds
.
They're very large molecules suitable
for storage
such as starch and
used
some are
for structure such cellulose
as
MOSACHARIDES DISACCHARIDES
-
POSSACCHARIDES
-
Galactose Glucose Glucose Maltose
Glycogen
>
-
·
+
·
fructose Glucose fructose >
- Sucrose Cellulose
a
+
Glucose Galactose Lactose Starch
Glucose
·
+ >
- >
-
amylose (alpha 1-7 bond) 000000
amylopectin /alpha bonds)000.
↳
form by a condensation reaction whichforms 1-1 and 1-6 00
a
glycosidic bond :
i ·
(addition of water)to reform monosaccharides
Sear
Tests
Reducing Sugars : Now-Reducing SuEArs :
liquidform (solidsground with water)
·
Add another 2amb
sample in the sample to 2cm3 dilute HC and
place in gently boiling water both
·
of of a
add Zam> sample to Lum Benedict's and
place in
for S minutes
>
-
This will hydrolyse disaccharidespresent
of of regent gently
a
any
boiling water bath
for
5minutes Add sodium hydrocarbonate until the acidis nestralised/test it's alkati with pl paper
blue
finally add 2cms Benedict's bath Smins
reducing sugar reagent andplace in
the solution remains
if a is
t present so the sample is
of water
for if a non-reducing
-
reducing sugarsproducedby hydrolysis
the solution will now blue to to the
non-reducing orange-brown de
either not a
sugar gofrom
or
sugar
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