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Summary of AQA A-Level Biology Textbook

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Module
Unit 1 - Biological molecules

Institution
AQA

This is a handwritten summary of essentially the entire AQA Biology A-Level textbook in less than 200 pages. It has a few gaps, it only contains 2 of the statistical tests (student t and chi-squared) and it doesn't include the chapter on 'investigating transport in plants'. It provides an overview ...

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Summarized whole book? Yes
Uploaded on January 23, 2025
Number of pages 11
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

aqa biology
a level
a level biology
aqa a level biology
biological molecules
dna
cell structure
transport across cells
mass transport
energy transfer
genetics
control of gen
recombinant dna technology

Introduction to Biological Molecules

Types of Bonding :

Lovalent atoms share the
filled therefore creating
* in their outer shells outer shells of both stable molecule
pairof electrons atoms
>
- a so are a

*Ionic
charges attract
ions weaker than covalent bonds
opposite each other
by electrostatic attraction;
&
of

*
Hydrogen >
- a weak electrostatic bond
formed between 2 or more polar molecules /molecule with a n un even distribution
of charge) Although individually
. each bond is

they collectively form
weak, importantforces eg . water

Compensationd Hydrays's 9

Nucleotides Monosaccharides Acids Amino Acids
Fatty Glycerol
↓ 9 ↓ 24 ↓ Y
Polysaccharides Lipids
Poyepiece
Nucleic Acids a
(polynucleotides) Karbohydrates)

, Carbohydrates

Definitions :
-
-

generalformula (CH2O)n
↳ Monosaccharides substances with the
are sweet
tasting
,
soluble where n is a number
from 3-7
eg
.

glucose -
which somes in Lisomers :

alpha (a) and beta /B)
↓ ↓

oil
↳ Disaccharides are a
pair of monosaccharides
joined by glycosidic
a bond
through a condensation reaction

↳ Polysaccharides by glycosidic
are polymersformedby thejoining of
many
monosaccharides bonds
.
They're very large molecules suitable
for storage
such as starch and

used
some are
for structure such cellulose
as

MOSACHARIDES DISACCHARIDES
-
POSSACCHARIDES
-

Galactose Glucose Glucose Maltose
Glycogen
>
-
·

+

·

fructose Glucose fructose >
- Sucrose Cellulose

a
+

Glucose Galactose Lactose Starch

Glucose
·

+ >
- >
-
amylose (alpha 1-7 bond) 000000

amylopectin /alpha bonds)000.
↳
form by a condensation reaction whichforms 1-1 and 1-6 00

a
glycosidic bond :

i ·

(addition of water)to reform monosaccharides

Sear
Tests

Reducing Sugars : Now-Reducing SuEArs :

liquidform (solidsground with water)
·

Add another 2amb
sample in the sample to 2cm3 dilute HC and
place in gently boiling water both
·

of of a

add Zam> sample to Lum Benedict's and
place in
for S minutes
>
-
This will hydrolyse disaccharidespresent
of of regent gently
a
any

boiling water bath
for
5minutes Add sodium hydrocarbonate until the acidis nestralised/test it's alkati with pl paper

blue
finally add 2cms Benedict's bath Smins
reducing sugar reagent andplace in
the solution remains
if a is
t present so the sample is
of water
for if a non-reducing
-

reducing sugarsproducedby hydrolysis
the solution will now blue to to the
non-reducing orange-brown de
either not a
sugar gofrom
or
sugar

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