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Unit 4b: Laboratory Techniques and their Application - BTEC Applied Science
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- Unit 4b
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Unit 4b: Laboratory Techniques & their ApplicationIssue date: 06/06/2022
Deadline: 20/06/2022
Introduction:
Our assignment’s goal is to explore the manufacturing techniques & testing methods for an organic
liquid, particularly nail polish remover, which contains ethyl ethanoate. I am investigating how to
prepare & produce & test the purity of ethyl ethanoate.
I will go over the methods we used to achieve our goals of testing the purity of ethyl ethanoate &
how we found its boiling point. This will include our calculations & conclusions & observations for
these experiments.
Not only will this document cover our experiments, but it will also go over the industrial side of ethyl
ethanoate & it’s industrial manufacturing.
The techniques used in preparation & testing of ethyl ethanoate
Reflux: as many organic chemical reactions take a very long time to complete, heat is applied to
speed these reactions up. Organic compounds have low boiling points in their simple molecular
structures, & most organic chemicals are unstable, which means when they are heated, they will be
lost by evaporation. In order to solve this problem we need to heat the reaction under reflux, which
means heating the chemical reactions for a period of time. As it will continue cooling the vapour that
is made will then turn into a liquid state, this is done by using a reflux condenser, the vapour
continually goes through condensation, changing from gas to liquid forms due to heat-loss. The flask
will be heated using a hot water bath, & the condenser is always completely filled with water, to
ensure the right temperature.
Distillation: means separating one liquid from another liquid in a solution mixture, it’s carried out by
evaporation. one liquid is evaporated from the other liquid/s in the solution, then the evaporated
solution will be cooled & condensed into another separate container. This technique is used to
purify a compound, by separating it from a less-volatile substance, or material. 2 compounds can be
separated physically but not chemically, using distillation if each compound has different boiling
point, characteristics & vapour pressure. This technique is used to separate the ethyl ethanoate from
the water, that are both produced by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid, as the compounds that
have higher vapour pressure, will boil at a lower temperature & are the first to distil.
Fractional distillation: this method of distillation is used in order to separate liquids from a mixture,
as the difference between the liquids is small in boiling points. This method is not as simple as
normal distillation and it takes longer, as a fractionating column is placed between the still head &
the heating flask, so the vapour passes through it & goes through repeated distillations, giving better
separation results.
, Solvent extraction: this method deals with the separation of two immiscible liquids based on their
different solubility. Immiscible means that two materials or liquids that cannot mix, just like water &
oil. It is basically a liquid-liquid extraction.
Boiling point: the boiling point can identify the purity of a substance, if it has high or low purity, this
depends on the intermolecular forces of the substance, of its bonds strength. The stronger the
bonds, or the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point &, & the weaker the strength, the
lower the boiling point. Moreover; the distillation apparatus can be used, to determine the level of
the boiling point, when the vapour condenses on the thermometer, the temperature will be at the
boiling point, this is because the substance will condense at the same temperature which it boils.
Spectroscopy: this technique is used to test & determine the purity of a chemical substance or
material, this is very accurate method, & can be reliable, it emit or scatter the electromagnetic
radiation(which have a different range of wavelength), as it uses the principle which the substance
absorbs. infrared spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy types:
1. Absorption Spectroscopy: this gives measurements, of the energy absorbed by a molecule, it will
give the absorbed energy as absorbed spectrum form
2. Emission Spectroscopy: this examinate the wavelengths of the energy that is emitted by molecules
during the change from high excite state, to a lower energy state.
3. Infrared Spectroscopy: this technique is measured by the interaction of the infrared radiation, it
identifies the chemical substances, & function groups of liquid, solid & gas forms. The atoms within
the molecule will vibrate with a frequency, & it can be either stretching bonds, or bending bonds.
The molecule absorbs the infrared energy which has the same frequency as the vibration. & as the
infrared energy passes through the molecule, the amount of energy that is absorbed at different
frequencies, with be recorded & measured as spectrum. Each frequency that is recorded on the
spectrum, is proportional to 1 wavelength, & it can be expressed as its wavenumber.
Chromatography: this technique is also used in the lab for mixture separations, as the mixture
dissolves & passes in a solution, that is called the mobile phase, & it will go through a system which it
can be a sheet or plate, which is called a stationary phase. When the mobile phase make contact
with the stationary phase, the components of the mixture will separate & be primarily at different
rates, based on their solubility.
The Preparation of ethyl ethanoate (Ester)
Equipment:
1. Measuring cylinder
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