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Unit 12 Assignment A investigate different types of diseases and infections

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Module
Unit 12

Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)

This is Btec Applied Science Unit 12 Assignment A investigate different types of diseases and infections which was awarded a distinction. This is an example of a Distinction level assignment, and you may use it as a guide to help you achieve a distinction and finish this assignment.

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Unit 12 Assignment A
I have started work in a local doctors’ surgery as an assistant to the receptionist. The doctors
would like me to provide patients with a booklet explaining the body’s systems. The booklet
will improve patients’ understanding of the correct functioning of each system, and the
doctor’s diagnosis, if a system does not work properly.
What are the main features of bacteria?
The most noticeable features of bacteria include the absence of organelles enclosed in
membranes, Bacterial cells are known to be single – celled and typically minute this is due to
their microscopic size. Bacterial cells are known to have a thick cell wall which creates a
strong and consistent structure around the cell, this is what gives the cell its unique shape. It
is important to remember that not all prokaryotes fall under the category of bacteria.

Why are they useful to infection?
Bacteria is very important for the body for numerous reasons, such as the role they play in
assisting our bodies when breaking down the food we consume or aiding in the availability
of nutrients and the neutralization of toxins. Furthermore, they play a crucial role in
preventing infections by shielding surfaces against incoming harmful microorganisms. At
times, bacteria can reproduce so quickly that they overpower the host tissues, this then
causes disruptions in regular functioning. Occasionally, bacteria can directly eliminate cells
and tissues. In certain instances, they can generate toxins which are capable of inducing
paralysis, as this can damage the cellular metabolic processes, or trigger extensive immune
responses that can be harmful.
How can you tell if a substance is a bacterium?
You can tell if a substance is a bacterium by a range of characteristics, such as if they have a
cytoplasm, plasma membrane or ribosomes. There are also ways bacterial cells can be
distinguished from eukaryotic cells and this includes the lack of membrane-bound
organelles, and the circular DNA of the nucleoid, the flagella and the cell wall made from
peptidoglycan.
What is the life cycle of Bacteria?
The Bacteria’s life cycle is made up of the Lag phase, the Log phase/ Exponential phase, the
Stationary phase, and the Death phase. The bacterial life cycle revolves around the factors

,which drive and increase the bacterial growth. Bacteria divide once every 12 minutes and
once every 24 hrs, meaning the average life span for bacteria is 24 hours, this is because one
bacterium must die as a new one is produced.
Bacteria do not grow in the Lag phase as they adjust to their environment and produce the
amino acids and vitamins, they need for division to occur. During the Log phase Bacteria
rapidly divide this is because of a process called binary fission. During this phase, the
metabolic activity is very high, and the population reaches its maximum rate. Bacterial
growth decreases during the Stationary phase as the nutrients which are needed for growth
are taken out with the waste products that get accumulated. If the bacteria move to another
area the growth may resume rapidly. During the Death phase bacteria can no longer
reproduce and divide, and therefore the bacteria die.
What diseases does Bacteria cause, pick one in depth explain how it causes damage to the
host?
Bacteria can cause several diseases, an example is Tuberculosis (TB) which is a bacterial
infection, caused by inhaling microscopic droplets from a person who has tuberculosis.
Coughing or sneezing might also spread the germs that cause the disease. Tuberculosis has a
main effect on the lungs; however, it can have an effect on any part of the body such as
bones, glands, and the nervous system. Tuberculosis can be cured with proper treatment
even though it is a very serious condition.
When a person develops Tuberculosis, the Tuberculosis bacteria multiply at a rapid rate
inside their body, this then causes the lungs and other parts of the body to get attacked, this
includes bones, lymph nodes, brain, kidney, spine and even the skin. The tuberculosis
bacteria can move throughout the blood and lymphatic system to various different parts of
the body.
What are the main features of Parasites?
There are many features which distinguish parasites from other organisms. A parasite is an
organism which lives on another organism, this is called a host organism, and the parasite
then gets its food from its host. Protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites are the three main
groups of parasites that can harm humans.

, How do Parasites cause infection?
By entering a host organism and feeding on it, parasites often cause infection by interfering
with its regular processes. They may be helminths, protozoa, or ectoparasites such as ticks.
Usually, helminths and protozoa enter the host by skin penetration, inhalation, or ingestion.
Once inside, they can multiply and cause tissue damage, which can result in a variety of
symptoms. Ticks and other ectoparasites cling to the host's skin and feed on its blood. They
may also spread illnesses during this process. In general, parasites flourish when the host is
harmed, which can result in infections and other health problems.
How can you tell if a substance is a parasite?
Parasites are living organisms that rely on their hosts for survival and frequently cause harm
to them in the process. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and multicellular
creatures like helminths are examples of parasites. They differ from substances which are
not alive as they display intricate biological interconnections and life processes, hence they
cannot be categorised as substances. A parasite's traits, behaviour, and effect on the host
organism must normally be evaluated using scientific techniques like microscopy, molecular
analysis, or clinical observations.
What is the Life cycle of a Parasite?
There are two types of life cycles for parasites: direct cycles, in which only one host is
needed, and indirect cycles, in which one or more intermediate hosts are needed. The
immature parasite develops in an intermediate host before moving on to the stage that can
infect the ultimate host.
1. Entry: The parasite enters the host, frequently via infected objects or insects.
2. Travelling and Growing: It moves to the proper location inside the host and begins to
grow.
3. Eating and Producing Offspring: The parasite consumes the host and produces further
parasites.
4. Leaving the Host: For some parasites to complete their life cycle, they must leave the
host.
5. Attempting to Infect a New Host: The parasite makes an effort to infect a new host.
6. Restarting: After entering the new host, the same procedures are followed.
What diseases does Parasites cause, pick one in depth explain how it causes damage to the
host?
Parasites can cause many Diseases, for example Fascioliasis which is an infectious disease
caused by parasites / flat worms often referred to as liver flukes. The flukes can be found in
the liver and bile ducts of infected individuals. Symptoms of Fascioliasis include vomiting,
fever, nausea, diarrhoea, and swollen liver.
Fascioliasis damages the host by harming the liver, this then leads to inflammation, fibrosis,
and bile duct obstruction. This can result in symptoms like allergic reactions, and systemic

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