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26 A* Essay Plans: USA Conformity and Challenge 1955-92 £11.99
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. History 2015
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  7. Unit 2H.2 - The USA, 1955-92: conformity and challenge

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26 A* Essay Plans: USA Conformity and Challenge 1955-92

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This 13 page document contains 26 Essay Plans for History Alevel Paper 2 USA Conformity and Challenge, the essay plans cover the length and breadth of the course and were my main source of revision for History Alevel. The Essay Plans include: The Question, Valid Criteria, a line of argument and 3 P...

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  • May 20, 2020
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How accurate is it to say that cultural change in 1955-63 was driven by the affluent young?

VC: extent of challenge / change, impact on mass culture (society / universality)
LOA: Affluent change was most convincingly driven by the affluent young shaping popular culture and using their
purchasing powers to challenge their parents. However it was still severely limited in practice
Affluent Young
 The young were become their own mass market due to the rise of Saturday jobs
 Therefore teenagers were able to dictate the culturally challenging goods that society would not normally
provide
 $182 million on records 1954, $521 1960 Elvis and Chuck Berry = Rock n Roll = cultural change
 The Rise of the Beat (who were mainly middle class) rejecting materialism = cultural change, Ginsberg’s Howl
poem about Drugs and homosexuality – if nothing else mainstreamed previously side-lined ideas
 Beats were limited to white middle class boys
 The affluent young generally conformed with mass consumption e.g. $20 mil lipstick, $9 mil home perming hair
sets, $25 mil deodorant
 Rock n Roll did not transform culture as most subjects of Elvis’ songs about gospel and love – conformity

Film and Television

 MLK debuted ideas on televisions The Open Mind 1957 depicting ‘New Negro’ = Challenge
 Douglas Sirk’s Imitations of Life 1959 showed black mother as heroine of story rather than the white family
 Rise of Spaghetti Westerns showed conformity towards escapism e.g. Sergio Leone / Eastwood
 Popular family sitcom Father Knows Best promoted patriarchal nuclear family / domestic bliss. The Adventures
of Ozzy and Harriet, middle-class suburban families
 Even “challenging” films such as 1955’s Rebel without a cause showed a defiant rebellious James Dean conform
to his father’s authority by the end of the film

Advertising
 1954 Yale historian David Potter argued Advertising was a socially influential as education and religion, because
it dominated the media, exercising social control and popular standards
 In 1957 book The Hidden Persuaders argued advertisements psychologically manipulated consumers which
could in theory lead to cultural change
 However advertisers generally used these methods for conformist purposes
 Advertising 1955 Dodge La Femme with matching lipstick and wall to wall pink interiors
 Used it to cement social norms of consumerism – flashes of Coca-Cola in film theatres / links between Marlboro
cigarettes and Wild Western Cowboys

To what extent did Kennedy achieve his New Frontier Aims?

VC: Legacy, extent of transformation in America
LOA: Whist Kennedy saw marginal improvement and successes within his New Frontier, this is limited due to the
high expenditure on the Vietnam war, restricting his ability to make real change in America
Poverty
 Minimum wage increased from $1 to $1.25 for 3.6 million workers
 Area Redevelopment Act 1961 saw $394 million create 26,000 jobs and train 15,000 more
 Manpower development and training act 1962, 351 programmes for 12,600 people
 Omnibus housing act 1961 $5 billion in grants
 Food stamp programme fed 240,0000
 5 million remained unemployed – congress refused to reauthorize ARA 1963
 Min wage failed to cover ½ million poorest e.g. black laundry workers
Space and Science
 Kennedys legacy saw first man on moon 1969 – Neil Armstrong
 1960 creation of Cape Cod National Seashore national park
 October 1957 Russians sent first satellite to space “Sputnik”
 1961 Yuri Gagarin orbited earth – Soviet success

,  $40 billion spent on space race rather than welfare
War and Peace
 1961 Peace Corps aided 44 countries and was largely popular domestically with 71% agreeing with the
programme – Gained political allies such as Philippines
 1962 Kennedy successfully removed missiles from Cuba
 Kiddie Corps
 1961 Bay of Pigs mission publicly failed  humiliation
 Involvement in Vietnam war increased from 1000 advisors in Vietnam 1960 to 20,000 by 1963


To what extent had the civil rights movement achieved its aims by 1963?

VC: longevity of success, regional universality of success

LOA: limited in region (only success in Montgomery) and scale -

Political

 Montgomery Bus Boycott – Browder Vs Gayle 1956
 Browder Vs Gayle limited to Montgomery
 No Civil rights act
 No voting rights act = no representation
 80% could not vote – Rosa Parks payed $16.50 poll tax
 No voting rights act
Social

 1954 Brown Ruling saw removal constitution sanctions of De Jure segregation (education)
 250,000 marched peacefully in Washington – emotional impact (media)
 De Facto segregation still prominent and remained
 Little Rock Crisis 1957 – Arkansas governor ordered National Guard to keep students out
 White citizens council peaked in 1956 250,000
 Rise of KKK bombing the Birmingham church 1957 killed 4 young girls
 Shot and killed Viola Liuzzo (northern white) participating in Selma campaign
Economic

 Minimum wage – affected many black workers $1 -$1.25
 Birmingham campaign aimed for equal employment opportunities
 2500 arrested in Birmingham – high pressure water jets and dogs caused media outburst
 However did not help black laundrettes (250,000 poorest)
 No access to Levittown’s or suburbs
 South Carolina spent $179 per annum on white child / $43 on black child

How accurate is it to say that teenage culture posed a significant challenge to US cultural conformity 1955-63?


VC: significant – was it transformed from 1955-63? Long-lasting and universal change

LOA: while some significant changes, these were mostly shallow materialist changes underling the lack of challenge
teenage culture gave to conformity. Counter culture mainly limited to white middle class and film, TV and music
failed to encourage the promotion of mainstream challenging ideas. Not significant.

The Rise of Rock n Roll

 Rise of ‘non-conformist’ icons – Elvis / Chuck Berry
 Rock ‘n rolls popularity proven by Elvis’ $35,000 deal with RCA
 Feared the impact on morals – Elvis seen as Overly sexual – he was filmed from waist up on family show the Ed
Sullivan Show
 However, the content of Elvis’ rock songs was mainly gospel and love focussed not enabling mainstream music
to tackle political issues

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