Summary

Summary Biological Molecules Notes

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Module
Biological Molecules

Institution
University Of Portsmouth (UoP)

Book
A-Level year 1 and AS Biology

PDF summary of Topic 1A 'Biological Molecules' from A Level Biology AQA textbook

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Which chapters are summarized? Topic 1a- biological molecules
Uploaded on February 8, 2025
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Topic 1A- Biological Molecules
Created @February 3, 2025 8:32 PM

Class Cells to Systems

Carbohydrates

A lot of carbs are polymers

Big, complex molecules made of smaller molecules called monomers
which join together

Examples

Monosaccharides

Creates monomers

Glucose is a monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms

Splits into Alpha and Beta Glucose

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Condensation Reaction

Two molecules join together and water molecule is released as biproduct

Reaction links monosaccharides together

Water molecule release creates glycosidic bond

Two monosaccharides joining creates disaccharide

Hydrolysis Reaction

Topic 1A- Biological Molecules 1

, Breaks polymers

Removes chemical bond between monomers using water

Opposite of condensation reaction

Starch

Glucose is energy source for cells, excess is stored as starch in plants

If plant needs more energy, starch is broken down for glucose release

Consists of amylose and amylopectin

Amylose

Long chain of alpha glucose

Coiled structure due to glycosidic bonds

Structure makes it ideal for storage as it’s more compact

Amylopectin

Long branched chain of alpha glucose

Side branches on the structure allow multiple access points for
glycosidic bonds to be broken down

Results in quick glucose release

Energy source is insoluble in water, so water potential is not affected
and swelling due to osmosis is avoided

Good for storage

Glycogen

Energy source for animals

Known as alpha glucose, known as glycogen when stored as excess

Topic 1A- Biological Molecules 2

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