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Russian History A-level revision notes (A* grade)

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Detailed revision notes for the years in Russia for History A-level. These notes helped me get an A* for History A-level. Sourced from my class notes, AQA history textbooks, and reliable online websites. These notes are all you need to get A* Russian History essays and will make revising way easie...

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  • August 27, 2020
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  • 2020/2021
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Emergence of the Communist dictatorship 1917-1941
Key:
L = Lenin
T = Trotsky
S = Stalin
Bs = Bolsheviks
Ms = Mensheviks
SRs = Socialist Revolutionaries

Lenin’s Russia- ideology and change
o Marxist ideology became less important- consolidating power was priority- act first ‘justify’ later.
o Initially ideologically divided:
 Whether to end war and what type of government should be established.

Ideology:
o Both L + T assumed B seizure of power would spark revolutions elsewhere in Europe.
o Ideologically committed to rousing German workers/soldiers against Imperial government- but also to pursuing
peace.
o T began peace negotiations Dec 1917- Imperial government demanded large amount of Russian territory- split Bs.
o Divisions:
 Some wanted war- Bukharin led ‘revolution war group’- argued necessary to defend both socialism/Russia.
 T proposed ‘neither peace nor war’.
 L prepared to give in to German territorial demands to bring peace + consolidate revolution.
o L took pragmatic approach- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918.
 Set a precedent: in future ‘socialism at home’ would take priority over spreading international revolution.
 This commitment provided intellectual foundation for Stalin’s later ‘Soviet first- approach’

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- March 1918.
o Russia lost 1/6 of population + 2m square kms of land including area producing 1/3 of it’s agricultural produce.
o 26% rail line/74% Iron ore/coal supplies taken.

One-party government: problem over what type of government should be established
o Ideological division:
 Favoured broad socialist government- coalition with Bs/other socialist parties (Zinoviev + Kamenev).
 Or exclusively a Bs state.
o L suggested conventional Marxist view- government in the hands of ‘the people’- ‘all power to the soviets’
 ‘State + Revolution’ (before Oct revolution)- reduction in state bureaucracy/‘the people’ manage own affairs.
 Early decrees- land/workers’ control appear to support theorizing.
Likely he had little choice- peasants already seizing land + workers taking over factories.
Decrees didn’t actually help create conditions necessary for ‘socialism’.
o Bolshevik only Sovnarkom- no intention of sharing power with other socialists especially Ms/SRs (despite shared
M heritage).
 Ruled by decree without seeking Soviet’s approval e.g. peace talks began without reference to Soviet.
 Met 1 or 2 times a day but Soviet met increasingly less- power undermined.
 Local soviets retained importance but brought into new B/Communist structure.
 L allowed some Left-wing SRs to join but after protests about purely B state- hostile to power-sharing.
Zinoviev + Kamenev temporarily resigned.
Clash between Marxist principle/L’s determination to retain dominant voice.
o Constituent Assembly Jan 1918- civilians demonstrated against L’s actions- fired on + 12 killed.
 Appeared to contradict Marxist principle ‘power to the people’.
 But in his ‘State + Revolution’ L stressed need for strong party- provide ‘dictatorship of proletariat’/crush
bourgeois attitudes.
 Claimed dissolution of Constituent Assembly meant ‘open repudiation of democracy in favour of
dictatorship’.
 L claimed since B working in coalition with SRs- represented ‘the people’/higher form of ‘democracy’.
o Coalition government broke up- Left-Wing SRs walked out of Sovnarkom in protest at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
o March 1918- B formally adopted ‘Communist Party’ title.

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