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Beemsterboer
Chapter 02: Ethical Theory and Philosophy
Beemsterboer: Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene, 3rd Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and
is not taught or learned.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
ANS: C
Ethical decision making is something that can be done well or done poorly and it is something
that can be taught and learned. Many problems are situations in which we can easily
determine what to do, but in other situations determining what is the ethical action takes
careful reflection. An introduction to the foundation of ethical theory can guide ethical
decision making and assist in understanding the process by which such decisions are made.
DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 15 OBJ: 1
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
2. Moral development is thought to be a process, because moral development has been shown to
typically occur in progressive steps or stages.
a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
ANS: A
Just as each individual develops physically and intellectually, moral development also has
been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages. Some researchers have related
age, maturation of components of personality, and increased experience with moral
development, whereas others have stressed that moral development has a cognitive
component as well.
DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 15 OBJ: 1
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
3. Which of the following is thought to be one of the strongest and most consistent correlates
with development of moral judgment?
a. Age
b. Years of formal education
c. Social status
d. Income
ANS: B
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,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene 3rd Edition
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Years of formal education is one of the strongest and most consistent correlates with
development of moral judgment. It is even stronger than chronologic age. For many people
moral development continues as long as the person is in a formal environment, but then
plateaus upon leaving school.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 16 OBJ: 1
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
4. Moral education programs seem to be most effective among which of the following members
of society?
a. Infants
b. Children
c. Adolescents
d. Adults
ANS: D
Adults seemed to gain more from such programs than did younger children, most likely
because a wider range of life experiences typically enriches a person’s awareness of the moral
aspects of situations. A review of moral education programs revealed that almost half were
effective in promoting moral development, especially if the program lasted longer than a few
weeks and if the program involved the participants in discussions of controversial moral
dilemmas.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 16 OBJ: 1
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
5. The capacity for moral judgment is rigid, because a person’s cognitive moral development
and his or her ability to employ what he or she understands peaks at a certain age.
a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related.
b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
ANS: E
Findings suggest that the capacity for moral judgment is not as rigid as some have argued.
Neither a person’s cognitive moral development nor his or her ability to employ what he or
she understands in actual decisions is frozen at some specified age. Individuals can continue
to learn, and research has supported the idea that adults make greater gains than children.
DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 16 OBJ: 1
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
6. According to Piaget’s four-stage model of moral development, the egocentric stage is found in
individuals of which of the following ages?
a. 0-2 years old
b. 2-7 years old
c. 7-12 years old
d. 12 years old and older
ANS: B
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, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene 3rd Edition
Beemsterboer
The egocentric stage is from ages 2 to 7 years old. Children in this age group are thought to
bend rules and react instinctively to the environment. The amoral stage is from ages 0 to 2
years. The heteronomous stage is from ages 7 to 12 years. Children in this age group accept
the moral authority of others. Persons 12 years old and older are thought to be autonomous
and have a morality of self based on cooperation; rules and regulations become internalized.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 17 OBJ: 2
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
7. According to Piaget, rules are tested and become internalized during which of the following
stages of moral development?
a. Amoral stage
b. Egocentric stage
c. Heteronomous stage
d. Autonomous stage
ANS: D
Rules become internalized during the autonomous stage of moral development. The
egocentric stage is characterized by bending rules and instinctive reaction to the environment.
The heteronomous stage is typified by acceptance of the moral authority of others. Each stage
in the process of cognitive moral development involves judgment skills that are more
complex, comprehensive, and differentiated from the preceding stage.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 17 OBJ: 2
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
8. Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg’s three-level model of moral
development?
a. Interpersonal concordance orientation
b. Law and order orientation
c. Punishment and obedience orientation
d. Instrumental relativist orientation
e. Social contract legalistic orientation
ANS: C
Kohlberg’s theory focuses primarily on cognitive processes. He defined six stages, of which
punishment and obedience orientation is first. This stage is followed by Stage 2: instrumental
relativist orientation, Stage 3: interpersonal concordance orientation, Stage 4: law and order
orientation, Stage 5: social contract legalistic orientation, and Stage 6: universal ethical
principle orientation.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 17 OBJ: 2
TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent
9. Which of the following stages of Kohlberg’s three-level model of moral development is
considered to be conventional reasoning, in which expectations of family and groups are
maintained and where loyalty and conformity are considered important?
a. Law and order orientation
b. Instrumental relativist orientation
c. Social contract legalistic orientation
d. Universal ethical principle orientation
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