ESB TEST 2
Research Process Correct Answer: Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment Correct Answer: designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design Correct Answer: designs in which ran...
ESB TEST 2
Research Process Correct Answer: Question, design, findings, publishing
True Experiment Correct Answer: designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent
variables; total control over who's in what group
Quasi Experimental Design Correct Answer: designs in which random assignments cannot be used
Quasi Independent Variables Correct Answer: variables treated as if they were independent variables in
the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate them
Self Reports Correct Answer: any measurement technique that directly asks a participant how they
think/feel
Advantages of Self Report Correct Answer: inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info from the
source
Disadvantages of Self Report Correct Answer: social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective bias
Behavioral Measure Correct Answer: a measure of a participant's actions in a research design, must be
able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior (Behavioral trace/observation/choice)
Raw Score Correct Answer: the actual score; trace score + error
True Score Correct Answer: what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of that attribute
and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors
Error Correct Answer: extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true
score; (random error + bias)/systematic error
Random Error Correct Answer: variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic or chance
factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used multiple times
Systematic Error Correct Answer: aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given direction,
worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions
Strategies for Minimizing Error Correct Answer: standardization of experiments, reduce scorer biases
Observer/Scorer Bias Correct Answer: misinterpreting an observation based on the researcher's existing
beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc
Ceiling Effect Correct Answer: occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low,
leading everyone to select the highest response
, Floor Effect Correct Answer: occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high,
leading everyone to select the lowest response
Reliability Correct Answer: stability or consistency of a measure
Validity Correct Answer: the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a measure
must first be reliable
Population Correct Answer: the entire group of interest in a research study from which a sample is
drawn
Sample Correct Answer: a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data
Sampling Plan Correct Answer: explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the population;
goal is to represent the population you are sampling
Probability Sampling Method Correct Answer: everyone in the population of interest has an equal
chance of being recruited
Simple Random Sampling Correct Answer: participants are randomly selected from the population
Strata Random Sampling Correct Answer: subset is randomly selected from various subpopulations or
categories
Cluster Random Sampling Correct Answer: dividing the total population into groups and randomly
selecting which groups participate
Non Probability Sampling Correct Answer: everyone in a population of interest does NOT get an equal
chance of being recruited, creates bias
Convenience Sampling Correct Answer: nonrandom selection of participants readily available to the
researcher
Quota Sampling Correct Answer: freely choosing any participant as long as they meet an established
quota
Purposive Sampling Correct Answer: sample chosen based on who the researcher thinks would be
appropriate for the study
Snowball Sampling Correct Answer: existing study participants recruit future participants from among
their acquaintances
Non Responsive Bias Correct Answer: a potential systematic difference between those who refused to
participate in a study and those who did, difficult to determine nature/extent
Volunteer Subject Problem Correct Answer: those who volunteer to participate may be
characteristically different from those who choose not to participate
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