100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary History of International Relations Chapter 11 ( CE) (Holslag) €5,49   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary History of International Relations Chapter 11 ( CE) (Holslag)

2 beoordelingen
 59 keer bekeken  2 keer verkocht

Detailed chapter summary: the level of detail expected in the January 2021 session I received a 17/20 with this Structure: - important points in the given period - specifics information split by regions - Each chapter summary ends in a (brief) discussion of the relevant points for each ...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 2 van de 9  pagina's

  • Nee
  • 11
  • 20 juli 2021
  • 9
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
book image

Titel boek:

Auteur(s):

  • Uitgave:
  • ISBN:
  • Druk:
Alle documenten voor dit vak (16)

2  beoordelingen

review-writer-avatar

Door: LaylaHaGK • 2 jaar geleden

review-writer-avatar

Door: adinda-mertens • 2 jaar geleden

avatar-seller
emmamarchal
1250-1500 CE


- Europe
- Entered a new age of intellectual endeavor
- Important economic breakthroughs (textile manufacturing, steel production etc)
- Era of revolutions in trade
- Climate
- From the late 13C, across Europe, the climate became colder and harsherThe world entered
the Little Ice Age.
- Food production dropped, faming, Black Death
- Killed at least 40% of Europe (14C)
- Similarly bleak in China:
- Little Ice Age -> plague pandemic
- Still dealing with the economic consequences of the Mongol invasion
- Immense hardship, violent social unrest, wars (with magnified destructiveness due
to widespread use of gunpowder).
- Gunpowder
- Invented in China, spread to India, ME, Europe => new age in warfare.
- 1250-1500: renewed hopes of order and the reality of war shaped diplomacy, politics, government.
- New imperial dynasties in Europe and China; new empires in the ME, CA, India;
- Emergence of major powers in Central and South America (first time since Maya).
=> +/- age of rebirth


Europe
● Continuing debates between wars and peace between Christians.
○ Henry of Ghent: Christian lords should not fight wars against each other, but could band
together to combat infidels.
○ Vincent of Beauvais: Christian unity and peace should be achieved by following the example
of Christ.
○ Thomas Aquinas: - middle ground: kings could defend their realms, as long as they were
motivated by justice.
● Evolutions in thinking: (politics-papacy debate) => desperate search for a just ruler
○ Aquinas:
■ Monarchy held the best chance of advancing the common good.
■ Authority of kings should be checked by natural law, which was born out of God’s
eternal law.
○ Alighieri: universal monarchy: the way to end the fighting between kings, the Holy Roman
Emperor and the pope, was to vest supreme temporal authority in the emperor, with spiritual
leadership in the papacy.
○ Dubois agreed with a universal monarchy, but believed the king of France was a better
candidate for the role.
○ Giles of Rome: supreme political power belonged to the pope.
○ Marsilius of Rome: the Holy Roman Emperor rightfully had political power, but had to be
democratically elected.
○ William of Ockam: both the emperor and the pope could be deposed if they were acting
unjustly; Christians should be allowed to criticise the Church.
==> Everyone agreed on the need for unity, justice, peace, but they profoundly disagreed on who
should be the ultimate ruler.
○ Diplomacy should be used to bring and maintain peace.

, 1250-1500 CE


○ Others were less idealistic about diplomacy
■ Warning against diplomatic summits because they encouraged grandstanding and
underhand methods of persuasion.
■ Ambassadors worked not to advance universal peace but in the interests of their
own state.
○ Nevertheless, the intensifying political and economic connections between states resulted in
the emergence of a growing community of diplomats.
■ Permanent ambassadors
■ Establishment of new bureaucracies to manage and archive official correspondence
■ Conventions dictating the practice of diplomacy
● Italy was a diplomatic testing ground
○ Trade boomed, and the patchwork of cities negotiated hundreds of special pacts to facilitate
commerce.
○ But trade was also a reason for conflict
■ Milan competing with Florence (silk production)
■ Venice competed with Milan over the River Po, so allied with Florence.
■ When Milan relapsed into civil war and Venice became too powerful, Florence
switched sides.
■ Venice-Naples alliance.
○ Further wars followed, increasingly involving the papacy
■ Sought to establish its political power in Italy.
○ Peace of Lodi (1454): Milan and Florence vowed to preserve the status quo and not intervene
in each other’s domestic affairs.
○ Acceptance of the formation of an Italic League and the pope’s proposal for a general peace;
but tensions remained.
○ But ultimately, a pragmatic understanding of the BOP maintained stability rather than high
principles of treaty-based international order
■ Relative peace on the Peninsula until end 15C.
● As long as the Turks remained east of the Adriatic Sea and the Northern European powers were
preoccupied with their own problems to intervene in Italy, Italy could afford its anarchy.
● 14-15C: France was involved in numerous conflicts with England
○ Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
■ Originated in issues of succession and sovereignty of French and English crowns
■ Spread to Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Scotland, Flanders, Germany. -> FR and EN
fought through allies and proxies.
■ Victory of Agincourt (1415): (Partly due to alliance with duchy of Burgundy). EN
briefly controlled much of northern France
■ But death of Henry V and growing French resentment led to a turning point: EN
slowly driven back.
● 1435: France convinced the war-weary Burgundians to end their alliance
with EN.
■ The war cost EN all its continental possessions (except Calais).
● EN’s financial burden and humiliation of defeat sparked a civil war: Wars of Roses (1455-1485)
○ Rivals competed for the throne.
● Victory for France meant a huge extension of royal authority, further leading to a modern centralised
state. ==> FR was firmly established as one of the great powers of Europe.
● French self-confidence led it to seek conflicts all around: Germany, Spain, Scotland, Italy.

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

√  	Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper emmamarchal. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 80364 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€5,49  2x  verkocht
  • (2)
  Kopen