Dit vak werd gegeven in het eerste semester van 2021. Deze samenvatting is een combinatie van de lesopnames, powerpoints, het handboek en samenvattingen van vorige jaren. In sommige hoofdstukken is gegeven wat er in de les is gezegd over wat de prof. mogelijks zou vragen.
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1. Onderzoeksproblemen, -vragen en hypotheses.................................................................................4
1.1 Overzicht onderzoeksproblemen..................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Terminologie..........................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Onderzoeksproblemen en paradigma...................................................................................4
1.1.3 Bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen......................................................................................4
1.2 Ontwikkelen en verfijnen onderzoeksproblemen.........................................................................4
1.2.1 Selecteren en verfijnen van het onderwerp..........................................................................4
1.2.2 Evalueren onderzoeksproblemen..........................................................................................5
1.3 Het beschrijven van onderzoeksproblemen en -vragen...............................................................6
1.3.1 Verklaringen van doelstellingen/problem statements...........................................................6
1.3.2 Onderzoeksvragen.................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Probleemstellingen/problem statements..............................................................................7
1.4 Onderzoekshypotheses................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Functies van hypotheses in kwantitatief onderzoek..............................................................7
1.4.2 Karakteristieken van hypotheses...........................................................................................7
1.4.3 Het afleiden van hypotheses.................................................................................................7
1.4.4 Formulering hypotheses........................................................................................................7
1.4.5 Hypotheses testen en bewijzen.............................................................................................8
1.5 Kritiek op onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvraag en hypotheses............................................8
2. Literatuur beoordelingen -bewijzen vinden en bekritiseren.............................................................10
2.1 Lokaliseren van relevante literatuur voor onderzoek.................................................................10
2.1.1 Zoekstrategie formuleren....................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Zoeken in bibliografische databasen....................................................................................10
2.1.3 Belangrijke elektronische databasen voor gezondheidsonderzoekers................................10
2.1.4 Screenen en verzamelen van bronnen.................................................................................10
2.1.5 Documentatie bij het verzamelen van literatuur.................................................................10
3. Ethiek in onderzoek..........................................................................................................................13
3.1 Ethiek en onderzoek...................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Ethische codes.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Overheidsregels om participanten te beschermen..............................................................13
3.1.3 Ethische dilemma’s en uitvoeren van onderzoek................................................................14
3.2 Ethische principes om studie deelnemers te beschermen.........................................................14
3.2.1 Beneficence (goed doen).....................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Respect voor menselijke waardigheid.................................................................................15
, 3.2.3 Gerechtigheid......................................................................................................................16
3.3 Procedures voor studie deelnemers te beschermen..................................................................17
3.3.1 Risico/voordelen assessments (risk benefit assessments)...................................................17
3.3.2 Informed consent and participant authorization.................................................................17
3.3.3 Confidentiële procedures....................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Debriefing, communicatie en verwijzingen..........................................................................19
3.3.5 Treatment of vulnerable groups..........................................................................................19
3.3.6 External reviews and the protection of human rights..........................................................20
3.3.7 Building ethics into the design of the study.........................................................................20
3.4 Andere ethische problemen.......................................................................................................20
4. Kwantitatief onderzoeksdesign........................................................................................................22
4.1 Generaal design problemen........................................................................................................22
4.1.1 Causaliteit............................................................................................................................22
4.1.2 Onderzoeksterminologie.....................................................................................................22
4.2 Experimenteel design.................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Ontwerpkenmerken van het design van ware experimenten..............................................23
4.2.2 Specifieke experimentele design.........................................................................................28
4.2.3 Sterktes en beperkingen......................................................................................................30
4.3 Quasi-experimenten...................................................................................................................31
4.3.1 Quasi-experimenteel design................................................................................................31
4.3.2 Quasi-experimenteel en vergelijkingsvoorwaarden............................................................33
4.3.3 Sterktes en limieten van quasi-experimenteel design.........................................................33
4.4 Nonexperimenteel / oberservationeel onderzoek......................................................................33
4.4.1 Correlationeel onderzoek naar oorzaken.............................................................................33
4.4.2 Beschrijvend onderzoek.......................................................................................................36
4.4.3 Sterktes en beperkingen van correlationeel onderzoek......................................................36
4.5 Design and research evidence....................................................................................................37
5. Rigor and validity in quantitative research.......................................................................................38
5.1 Validity and inference.................................................................................................................38
5.2 Controlling confounders.............................................................................................................38
5.3 Statistical conclusion validity......................................................................................................40
5.4 Internal validity...........................................................................................................................41
5.5 Construct validity........................................................................................................................44
5.6 External validity..........................................................................................................................45
5.7 Trade-offs and priorities in study validity...................................................................................46
5.8 Onderzoeks-voorbeeld...............................................................................................................46
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,6. Specifieke types van kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................................................48
6.1 Clinical Trials...............................................................................................................................48
6.2 Evaluatie onderzoek...................................................................................................................49
6.3 Health services and outcome research.......................................................................................51
6.4 Survey research..........................................................................................................................51
6.5 Andere types van research.........................................................................................................53
7. Sampling in kwantitatief onderzoek.................................................................................................55
7.1 Basic sampling concepts.............................................................................................................55
7.2 Nonprobability sampling.............................................................................................................56
7.3 Probability sampling...................................................................................................................57
7.4 Sample size in quantitative studies.............................................................................................59
7.5 Implementeren van een kwantitatief sampling plan..................................................................61
7.6 Oefeningen.................................................................................................................................62
8. Data collectie in kwantitatief onderzoek..........................................................................................65
8.1 Developing a data collection plan...............................................................................................65
8.2 Structured selfreport instruments..............................................................................................66
8.2.1 Types structured questions..................................................................................................67
8.2.2 Composte scales and other structured self-reports.............................................................68
8.2.3 Questionnaires VS interviews..............................................................................................69
8.2.4 Designing structured self-report instruments......................................................................69
8.2.5 Administering structured self-report questions...................................................................70
8.2.6 Evaluation of structured self-reports...................................................................................71
8.3 Structured observation...............................................................................................................71
8.4 Biophysiologic measures.............................................................................................................71
8.5 Implementeren van een datacollectie plan................................................................................72
9. Measurement and data quality........................................................................................................73
9.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................................73
9.1.1 Theories of measurement....................................................................................................73
9.1.2 Errors of measurement........................................................................................................73
9.1.3 Major types of measure.......................................................................................................73
9.2 Measurement properties: an overview......................................................................................74
9.2.1 A measurement taxonomy..................................................................................................74
9.2.2 Measurement and statistics.................................................................................................74
9.3 Reliability....................................................................................................................................75
9.3.1 Reliability.............................................................................................................................75
9.3.2 Internal consistency.............................................................................................................76
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, 9.4 Validity........................................................................................................................................76
9.4.1 Content and face validity.....................................................................................................76
9.4.2 Criterion validity..................................................................................................................77
9.4.3 Construct validity.................................................................................................................78
9.4.4 Interpretatie van validiteit...................................................................................................79
9.5 Reliability of change scores.........................................................................................................80
9.6 Responsiveness...........................................................................................................................80
10. Basics of Mixed Methods Research................................................................................................81
10.1 Korte geschiedenis....................................................................................................................81
10.2 Wat is mixed methods research?..............................................................................................82
10.3 Doelen van mixed methods research.......................................................................................82
10.4 Mixed method design: typologie..............................................................................................83
10.5 Sampling in mixed methods research.......................................................................................85
10.6 Sterktes en zwaktes..................................................................................................................86
10.7 Rol in ontwikkeling en evaluatie van complexe interventies....................................................86
10.8 Slotbedenkingen.......................................................................................................................87
11. Epidemiologie: basis concepten en definities.................................................................................88
11.1 Introductie................................................................................................................................88
11.2 Measures of disease frequency................................................................................................89
11.3 Standardization.........................................................................................................................91
11.4 Measures of association...........................................................................................................92
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