Samenvatting

English V Samenvatting hoorcolleges

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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Dit document is een samenvatting van de hoorcolleges en bevat ook notities die tijdens de lessen gemaakt werden.

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english
language
culture
language and culture
english v
english 5
engels v
engels 5
taal en cultuur
language amp culture
english v language and culture

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Inhoudsopgave
UK................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Geography.............................................................................................................................................................2

UK – Demographics...............................................................................................................................................3

HISTORY........................................................................................................................................................ 9

1. Britons and invaders - up to 1066...................................................................................................................10

2. Medieval Britain 1066 – 1485.........................................................................................................................14

3. Tudors and Stuarts (1485-1688).....................................................................................................................17

4. Rise of Power (1688-1815)..............................................................................................................................23

5. Industry and Empire (1815-1914)...................................................................................................................26

6. Modern Times (1914 – present)......................................................................................................................30

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.............................................................................................................................. 39

UK Political institutions - The basics....................................................................................................................39

Constitution?.......................................................................................................................................................40

Parliament...........................................................................................................................................................40

The Government..................................................................................................................................................44

Education (England & Wales) (Higher education: UK)........................................................................................46

THE MEDIA.................................................................................................................................................. 50

The press.............................................................................................................................................................50

Radio...................................................................................................................................................................52
TV........................................................................................................................................................................53

US................................................................................................................................................................ 53

Geography...........................................................................................................................................................54

Demographics.....................................................................................................................................................58

HISTORY...................................................................................................................................................... 61

1. From the New World to the Revolutionary War.............................................................................................61

2. From Revolutionary War to Civil War (1776-1860)........................................................................................66

3. Civil War to WWI.............................................................................................................................................70

4. Post WWI to WWII..........................................................................................................................................74

5. Post-WWII to 9/11..........................................................................................................................................79

6. 9/11 AND after................................................................................................................................................84

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.............................................................................................................................. 87

, US Education.......................................................................................................................................................96
UK
GEOGRAPHY
Great Britain = England, Scotland and Wales (since 1707)
United Kingdom = Great Britain + Northern Ireland (since 1801)

Great Britain
= 9th largest island in world, largest island in Europe

surface:
209,331 km2 (cf. Belgium: 30,528 km2) (Belgium fits 7 times in there)

location:
North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate island from Ireland to the west, the
North Sea separates island from mainland EU + physically connected with continental EU across the
English Channel via the Channel Tunnel = longest undersea rail tunnel in world (50.5km;
completed in 1993)

landscape:
low, rolling countryside in east and south; hills and mountains in north and west

greatest distance between two points:
= 1,407km (between Land's End, Cornwall and John o'Groats, Scotland) (In Belgium: 280km)

Capital cities:
 England – London • Scotland – Edinburgh
 Wales – Cardiff • Northern Ireland – Belfast

Other large cities:
Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, and Sheffield

__________________________________________________________________________________
The English landscape: ‘green and pleasant’

2

, most of countryside consists of green
and rolling hills
  in north:
o the Pennines (= chain of mountains dividing east and west)
o the Lake District + the North York Moors + the Peak District
 In south:
o the Cotswolds: quintessentially and stereotypical English rural area
o Exmoor and Dartmoor: moorlands in Devon
o the ‘almost Mediterranean’ Cornwall coast

Kent = the ‘Garden of England’, etc...

Wales:

 has over 1,200 km of coastline

 largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, including
Mount Snowdon, its highest summit (1,085m)
 own language, Welsh (Cymraeg), spoken by 19% of the population (2011) (one of thriving
languages)
______________________________________________________________________________________
Scotland:
 consists of mainland + more than 790 islands
 Islands categorized into 4 groups:
o Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides
 the Highlands and Islands (North-West) generally mountainous, including the
highest peak, the Ben Nevis (1,344m)
 Central Lowlands: relatively low-lying, where the coal and iron-bearing rocks that
fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are to be found
 Southern uplands: range of hills almost 200km long, interspersed with low valleys.

UK – DEMOGRAPHICS

Population: 2021 figures (estimations)
 UK: 68.3m
 England: 56.6m (84% of UK) ( England makes a large chunk of the British population)
o Greater London: 8.7m (up 16% from 2001)
 Wales: 3.2m (4.7% of UK)

3

,  Scotland: 5.5m (8.2% of UK)
 Northern Ireland: 1.9m (2.8% of UK)

 Population grew by 0.4% 2019-2020, slower than any year since 2004 (the
growth is slowing down)

 Relatively low birth rates offset by net migration of ca. 250,000

______________________________________________________________________________________
Population density England (2011)
82.3% of population lives in urban areas (2021 est.)
Great Britain tends to have an urban population.

1/3 of Brits live in the south-west. This is also the most economically thriving part of the country.

Ethnicity & migration in the 2011 census (England & Wales)
 Self-identified “white British” group down five points to 80,5%; in London ‘white British’ figure is
45%, down from 58% in 2001  in top 3 of ‘superdiverse’ cities in world
 Other ethnic groups: Asian, African/Caribbean, Chinese, Arabic, others
 13% of people living in England and Wales born outside the UK

census= volkstelling
every decade the government organizes and carries out a census where every single person living in the country
is asked about their age, their ethnic background, where they live, etc. but this is only a sample of the
population’s representation
______________________________________________________________________________________
2001  2019
In the last twenty years, Britain has become younger, but it also has become more diverse.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Religion in the 2011 census (in the American census, people are not asked about their religion)
 Anglicans/Christians: 33.2m (59% of population, − 4m since 2001)
 The official (established) church of UK is the Church of England (CofE)
o created in 16th C as a protestant church by the Act of Supremacy

4

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