NREMT Advanced-EMT Exam 2023

NREMT Advanced-EMT Exam 2023 Initial Assessment: B-SMNAC - ANS-- BSI (body substance isolation); - Scene Safety; - Mechanism of Injury (MOI)/Nature of Illness (NOI); - Number of Patients; - Assistance (additional units, Fire, Police, etc.); - C-spine (and/or C-collar) Initial Assessment: G-CAAT - ANS-- General Impression; - Chief Complaints, Life Threats (hemorrhage); - AVPU; - ABC's (airway, breathing, circulation); - Transport Decision (Load and Go or Stay and Play) Components of General Impression - ANS-ASSS-FLOP-VD: - Apparent state of health; - Skin color, obvious lesions; - Signs of distress; - Sexual development; - Facial expressions; - Level of consciousness; - Odors; - Posture, Motor, Gait; - Vital statistics; - Dress, Grooming, Hygiene Components of AVPU - ANS-- Alert; - responds to Verbal stimuli; - responds to Painful stimuli; - Unresponsive Secondary Assessment: OPQRST-I - ANS-especially for Respiratory and Cardiac patients: - Onset; - Provocation/Palliation; - Quality; - Radiation; - Scale/Severity; - Time; - Interventions What is OPQRST? - ANS-a mnemonic for remembering the questions to ask when assessing the patient's chief complaint or major symptoms Onset - ANS-- When and how did the symptom begin? - Ask the patient if the onset was sudden or gradual. - Also determine if the onset was associated with a particular activity. Provocation/palliation: - ANS-- What makes the symptom worse? - What makes the symptom better? Quality - ANS-How would you describe the pain? Radiation - ANS-- Where do you feel the pain?; - Where does the pain go? Scale/Severity - ANS-- On a scale from 0 to 10, with 10 being the worst. - How bad is the symptom? Time - ANS-- Determine if the symptom has been present for minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years; - The length of time the symptoms are present is important to document Secondary Assessment: SAMPLE - ANS-- Signs and Symptoms (history of present issues); - Allergies; - Medications; - Past Medical History, Pertinent Negatives; - Last Oral Intake; - Events (leading to present: trauma or medical) Secondary Assessment: V-FITD - ANS-- Vital Signs, baseline (VS); - Focused Physical Exam (performed); - Interventions (RX's per medical direction, etc.); - Transport (re-evaluate decision); - Detailed Physical Exam (verbalized); Order of Initial Assessment - ANS-- B-SMNAC; - G-CAAT; Order of Secondary Assessment - ANS-- OPQRST-I; - SAMPLE; - V-FITD S1 - ANS-"Lub" Caused by the closing of the Mitral (Bicuspid) and Tricuspid atrioventricular valves. S2 - ANS-"Dub" Caused by blood closing the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic). S3 - ANS-"Ta" Oft referred to as the galloping heart, caused by blood sloshing around in a compliant left ventricle. S4 - ANS-A rare noise in the middle of "lub," caused by a failing left ventricle and best heard in the cardiac apex. Ta-LUB-dub, ta-LUB-dub Septum - 2 Sub Types - ANS-Separates the two halves of the heart. Interatrial and Interventricular NSAID - ANS-Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Antipyretic Agent - ANS-Inhibits Prostaglandins Acts on hypothalamus, heat regulation center. Vasodilation & Sweating Platelet Inhibitor - ANS-Prevents formation of thromboxane A2 Decreased Afterload Effects - ANS-Decreased Arteriole Pressure = Decreased Aortic Pressure = Left Ventricle Works Better Decreased Preload Effects - ANS-1. Venous Dilation = Decreased Preload = Decreased Heart Size 2. Decreased Heart Size = Increased Blood Flow to Coronary and Collateral Vessels = Myocardial Perfusion is Improved A parasympatholytic drug blocks the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system by? - ANS-Binding to receptors and blocking the release of acetylcholine. Sympathetic Nervous System - Other Name - ANS-Adrenergic Nervous System Medications typically administered via the subcutaneous route? - ANS-Insulin Epinephrine Which of the following is NOT a form of liquid drug? - ANS-Capsule Which of the following physiologic responses would you expect to occur following administration of a drug that possesses alpha-1 (α1) properties? - ANS-Peripheral Vasoconstriction The function of a drug or the particular action of a drug on an organism is called: - ANSMechanism of Action Cushing's Reflex (Define) - ANS-Attempt by the body to compensate for a decline in cerebral perfusion by increasing the mean arteriole pressure. Cushing's Triad - ANS-SxS of Increased Intracranial Pressure Increased Systolic Pressure Widened Pulse Pressure Decreased Pulse and Respiratory Rate PAT: Pediatric Assessment Triangle - ANS-General Appearance Work of Breathing Circulation to the Skin TICLS - ANS-Tone Interactiveness Consolability (Agitable) Look (Gaze) Speech (Cry) Commotio Cordis - ANS-A direct blow to the thorax during the hearts depolarization period - possibly causing the patient to experience V-Fib. Dromotropic Agent - Effect - ANS-Effects the hearts conduction velocity. Effects the conduction speed of the AV Node, and subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart. S3 - Indication - ANS-Most commonly heard in the early stages of L-sided heart failure. Coronary Artery Perfusion - Time of Occurrence - ANS-Diastole Beck's Triad - ANS-Indicates Cardiac Tamponade HoTN, JVD, Muffled Heart Tones Glycogenolysis - ANS-Breakdown of Glycogen - Creates Glucose -Lysis - ANS-Breakdown Chloride - ANS-Major Extracellular Anion in the Body Inotropic - ANS-Contractility of the Heart The greater the inotropic response, the greater the contractile force. Modifying force or speed of muscle contraction. Effects the hearts contractile strength. P-Wave - ANS-Atrial Depolarization The first deflection on the EKG, represents atrial contraction. QRS Complex - ANS-Ventricular Depolarization Large spike indicating a quick discharge of electrical current within the ventricles. SA Node - ANS-Sinoatrial Node Responsible for the rhythm & rate of the heart. Depolarizes faster than any component of the cardiac conduction system. Action Potential - ANS-Polarization of the cell, preparing it for discharge. Sodium - ANS-Creates a positive charge within the myocardium. A-Fib SxS (New Onset) - ANS-Tachycardia, HoTN, Altered LOC Cardiac Output - ANS-Stroke Volume x Heart Rate Chron's Disease - ANS-Chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon & ileum, associated w/ ulcers & fistulae. A form of inflammatory bowel disease which may potentially affect anywhere from the mouth to the rectum. Gastritis - ANS-Inflammation of the Stomach Lining Diverticulitis - ANS-Inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon. Causes pain & disturbance of bowel function. Stroke Minimum Acceptable SaO2 - ANS-95% Tuberculosis SxS - ANS-Weight Loss, Hemoptysis(Coughing Blood), Pyrexia(Fever) Hemoptysis - ANS-Coughing Blood Pyrexia - ANS-Elevated Body Temperature Fever Midaxillary Line - ANS-Lateral the midline of the body, parallel to the midline. Apneustic Respirations - ANS-Prolonged inspirations with short ineffective expirations. Cause by damage to the Upper Pons - stroke or trauma. Biot's Respirations - ANS-Quick/shallow inspiration followed by periods of apnea. Caused by damage to the Pons - stroke, trauma or opioid use. DVT - Description - ANS-Deep Vein Thrombosis Continues...