N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Inflammation, Altered Immunity and Infection
Core Concepts Objectives with Advanced Organizers
Immune System
1. Examine the structure and function of the immune system.
a. Describe how the normal function of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte cells differ.
i. T Cells- Cell mediated immunity.
1. “cluster of differentiation”
2. CD4 cells- t-helper or t4 cells
a. Release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process
b. Mediate delayed sensitivity. (TB skin test).
3. CD8 cells aka t cells, killer t, and t8.
a. Kill viruses by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
4. Memory T
a. Remember the antigen and respond quicker and stronger
after 1st exposure.
5. T Regulatory
a. Slow or stop immune response once initiated.
ii. B cells- humoral immunity.
1. Mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
b. Differentiate between function of humoral and cell mediated immunity and
describe the implications for practice.
i. Humoral Immunity
1. B cells.
2. Fights viral infections, toxins, pneumococci, meningococci, and
haemophilus.
ii. Cell Mediated
1. T cells.
2. Fungal, parasitic, tumors.
3. Responsible for organ transplant rejections.
c. Describe the difference between active acquired immunity and passive acquired
immunity and the implications for health promotion.
i. Active Acquired Immunity- (vaccines)
1. After exposure in antigen.
2. Improves with repeat exposure.
ii. Passive Acquired Immunity.
1. Obtained after antibodies (bcells) are transferred to recipient.
2. Ex- mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk.
iii. Artificial Passive Immunity. (fake immunity)
, 1. Receiving antibodies AFTER exposure
2. Rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, snake bites.
3. Lasts as long as antibodies live, 2 weeks.
d. Evaluate the purpose of the terms and describe the importance to clinical practice.
Antigen
o Molecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and
T cells.
Self-antigen.
o Appropriate in size, has adequate chemical complexity, and is presents
in sufficient quantity, but isn’t foreign to body.
o Doesn’t elicit immune response.
Allergens.
o Produce allergic response.
2. Evaluate the role and function of the cells of the immune system.
a. Evaluate the structure and function of the antibodies produced by the B-
lymphocyte cells and describe the implications for clinical practice.
Type of B-Lymphocyte Function Implications for Clinical Practice
Cells
IgA-CHOO Secretions and mucous A secretory piece inside mucosal
membranes. epithelial cells protects IGA
Think sneezing. Prevents microorganism against degradation from enzymes
attachment to mucous in secretions.
membranes.
IGA1-blood
IGA2-secretions
IgM-MEGA Early primary immune High levels= recent infection.
response. Synthesized early in neonates,
Think largest. Presents as a pentamer and may be responsible for infection
is stabilized by joining a in utero.
chain.
IgG-gobs and gobs. Secondary immune Levels rise due to exposure to
response. antigen.
Most abundant Viruses, bacteria, Toxins. Maternal IgG is major antibody
CROSSES PLACENTA found in fetus and newborn.
IgE-eetsy beetsy. Binds to mast, eosinophils, Mediator of allergic reaction.
and basophils. Defense against parasitic infx’s.
Least abundant.
b. Evaluate the function of the following T-Lymphocyte cells.
Type of T-lymphocyte Cells Function
, T-cytotoxic cells Kill virus, tumor, and allograft (transplant)
infected cells.
CD8, Killer T, T8 Release Cytotoxic chemicals to destroy cell
membrane= apoptosis.
NK Killer cells Lymphoid cells that compliment T cells.
Don’t undergo maturation in thymus and don’t
have antigen specific receptors.
Express inhibitory receptors and bind to cell
releasing MHC class 1.
T-Regulatory cells Slow or stop immune response.
Prevents overreaction of foreign and self-
antigens.
T-Helper cells Activate macrophages, b cells, cytotoxic t cells,
and other cd4 cells.
T4 cells. TH1 and TH2(subgroup of cells) release
Mediate delayed hypersensitivity lymphokines to begin inflammatory process.
(TB)
c. Differentiate between the roles of B-Lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the
recognition and processing of antigens.
Type of Cell Role in the Processing of Antigens
B-Lymphocytes B cell receptor (BCR) is on surface of B
Lymphocytes.
BCR recognizes antigen then communicates
info to cell’s nucleus.
IgA and IgB are in b cell receptors and
provide intracellular signals to activate the b
cell and complete its maturation and
production of antibodies.
T-lymphocytes T cell receptors (TCR) are composed of
antibody like transmembrane protein and a
group of accessory proteins that involve
intracellular signaling.
TCR-recognizes and binds.
Accessory proteins-intracellular signaling
necessary for activation and differentiation of
t cell.
d. Describe the role of T-Helper Lymphocytes in the immune response.
i. TH cell directly interacts with antigen presenting cells.
ii. TH cell undergoes differentiation process when cytokine genes are
activated
iii. Mature T cells interacts with either immunocompetent b or t cells to
enhance response to antigen which=plasma cells or effector t cells.
Inflammation, Altered Immunity and Infection
Core Concepts Objectives with Advanced Organizers
Immune System
1. Examine the structure and function of the immune system.
a. Describe how the normal function of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte cells differ.
i. T Cells- Cell mediated immunity.
1. “cluster of differentiation”
2. CD4 cells- t-helper or t4 cells
a. Release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process
b. Mediate delayed sensitivity. (TB skin test).
3. CD8 cells aka t cells, killer t, and t8.
a. Kill viruses by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
4. Memory T
a. Remember the antigen and respond quicker and stronger
after 1st exposure.
5. T Regulatory
a. Slow or stop immune response once initiated.
ii. B cells- humoral immunity.
1. Mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
b. Differentiate between function of humoral and cell mediated immunity and
describe the implications for practice.
i. Humoral Immunity
1. B cells.
2. Fights viral infections, toxins, pneumococci, meningococci, and
haemophilus.
ii. Cell Mediated
1. T cells.
2. Fungal, parasitic, tumors.
3. Responsible for organ transplant rejections.
c. Describe the difference between active acquired immunity and passive acquired
immunity and the implications for health promotion.
i. Active Acquired Immunity- (vaccines)
1. After exposure in antigen.
2. Improves with repeat exposure.
ii. Passive Acquired Immunity.
1. Obtained after antibodies (bcells) are transferred to recipient.
2. Ex- mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk.
iii. Artificial Passive Immunity. (fake immunity)
, 1. Receiving antibodies AFTER exposure
2. Rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, snake bites.
3. Lasts as long as antibodies live, 2 weeks.
d. Evaluate the purpose of the terms and describe the importance to clinical practice.
Antigen
o Molecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and
T cells.
Self-antigen.
o Appropriate in size, has adequate chemical complexity, and is presents
in sufficient quantity, but isn’t foreign to body.
o Doesn’t elicit immune response.
Allergens.
o Produce allergic response.
2. Evaluate the role and function of the cells of the immune system.
a. Evaluate the structure and function of the antibodies produced by the B-
lymphocyte cells and describe the implications for clinical practice.
Type of B-Lymphocyte Function Implications for Clinical Practice
Cells
IgA-CHOO Secretions and mucous A secretory piece inside mucosal
membranes. epithelial cells protects IGA
Think sneezing. Prevents microorganism against degradation from enzymes
attachment to mucous in secretions.
membranes.
IGA1-blood
IGA2-secretions
IgM-MEGA Early primary immune High levels= recent infection.
response. Synthesized early in neonates,
Think largest. Presents as a pentamer and may be responsible for infection
is stabilized by joining a in utero.
chain.
IgG-gobs and gobs. Secondary immune Levels rise due to exposure to
response. antigen.
Most abundant Viruses, bacteria, Toxins. Maternal IgG is major antibody
CROSSES PLACENTA found in fetus and newborn.
IgE-eetsy beetsy. Binds to mast, eosinophils, Mediator of allergic reaction.
and basophils. Defense against parasitic infx’s.
Least abundant.
b. Evaluate the function of the following T-Lymphocyte cells.
Type of T-lymphocyte Cells Function
, T-cytotoxic cells Kill virus, tumor, and allograft (transplant)
infected cells.
CD8, Killer T, T8 Release Cytotoxic chemicals to destroy cell
membrane= apoptosis.
NK Killer cells Lymphoid cells that compliment T cells.
Don’t undergo maturation in thymus and don’t
have antigen specific receptors.
Express inhibitory receptors and bind to cell
releasing MHC class 1.
T-Regulatory cells Slow or stop immune response.
Prevents overreaction of foreign and self-
antigens.
T-Helper cells Activate macrophages, b cells, cytotoxic t cells,
and other cd4 cells.
T4 cells. TH1 and TH2(subgroup of cells) release
Mediate delayed hypersensitivity lymphokines to begin inflammatory process.
(TB)
c. Differentiate between the roles of B-Lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the
recognition and processing of antigens.
Type of Cell Role in the Processing of Antigens
B-Lymphocytes B cell receptor (BCR) is on surface of B
Lymphocytes.
BCR recognizes antigen then communicates
info to cell’s nucleus.
IgA and IgB are in b cell receptors and
provide intracellular signals to activate the b
cell and complete its maturation and
production of antibodies.
T-lymphocytes T cell receptors (TCR) are composed of
antibody like transmembrane protein and a
group of accessory proteins that involve
intracellular signaling.
TCR-recognizes and binds.
Accessory proteins-intracellular signaling
necessary for activation and differentiation of
t cell.
d. Describe the role of T-Helper Lymphocytes in the immune response.
i. TH cell directly interacts with antigen presenting cells.
ii. TH cell undergoes differentiation process when cytokine genes are
activated
iii. Mature T cells interacts with either immunocompetent b or t cells to
enhance response to antigen which=plasma cells or effector t cells.
