PSY 357, Lifespan Development Study Guide #1 Exam Questions and Answers 2024

How do nature and nurture contribute to developmental changes? - Nature= genetic traits inherited from our parents and grandparents, while nurture= different environmental factors that have influenced brain development over the years. Physical Development - development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep Lifelong development - In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development qualitative changes - changes in the overall nature of what you are examining culture - Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. ethnicity - Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. socioeconomic status (SES) - a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation Gender - in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female Ethological Theory - stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods behavioral/social learning theory - Behavior patterns are modeled and learned in interactions with others. psychodynamic theory - Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior cognitive-developmental theory - children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world Ecological Theories - analyze relationship between people and their environment self-efficacy - One's belief in his or her own ability. What are the three levels of Freud's theory of the psyche, and what three components inhabit these levels? - List and discuss Freud's five stages of psychosexual development, as well as his concept of defense mechanisms (e.g., denial, repression, regression, and sublimation). Include the Oedipus and Elektra complexes in your answer. - List and discuss Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as well as the major accomplishments in each stage. How did his theory differ from Freud's? - Piaget's four stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational assimilation and accommodation - Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________. Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development - What is known- ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (Skills too difficult for a child to master on their own, needs guidance and encouragement from a knowledgeable person) What is unknown- Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner) - Individual's immediate environment Ex: Child's school place Hypothesis vs. Theory - theory is well-tested observations and hypotheses and hypothesis is what you think will happen