Test 4 (Sociology) | 296 Questions with Complete Solutions, A Grade

Test 4 (Sociology) | 296 Questions with Complete Solutions, A Grade In the context of the functionalist perspective on the family as a social institution, which of the following is not considered a function that families serve in advanced industrial societies? guaranteed reproduction In the context of the key functions that families serve in advanced industrial societies, the __________ emphasizes the role of parents and other relatives in teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society. functionalist perspective The boundaries between public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible because of urbanity. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This view is based on the __________ on the family as a social institution. postmodernist perspective The reasons that many victims of family violence do not report the violence to police include __________. fear of retaliation What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________. a. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption b. a social network of people into which a person is born, which is composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household for a span of more than 20 years c. a group of people that consists of a husband and a wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from a new marriage d. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children Identify an accurate statement about patriarchy. a. It can create an atmosphere in which some men feel greater freedom to abuse women and children. b. It can create a family structure in which authority is held by the youngest male. c. The male authority figure of a family does not hold authority over other males of the family. d. The male authority figure of a family does not hold power over the women and children of the family. __________ emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals. functionalist theorists Lily and George have been married for seven years. Lily's parents keep asking her to have a child so that they can have a grandchild to nurture. When Lily tells her parents that she and George have chosen not to have children, Lily's parents retort by saying that there must be something wrong with them and that they have made a wrong decision. Given the information, Lily's parents are depicting a(n) __________. pronatalist bias Although their perspectives are very different, functionalist theorists and conflict theorists would most likely agree that __________. a. the family, especially the parents, is a child's most important source of emotional support b. a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family c. most families are extremely dysfunctional d. families socialize children to be productive members of society A(n) __________ refers to a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives. nuclear family Anne, a mother of two, is an accountant who stays with her husband and ailing mother. After returning from work, Anne ensures that her children complete their homework. She also cooks dinner for the family and takes care of her mother. Anne engages in a __________. second shift In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial-ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group. Endogamy Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern. patrilocal residency __________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity. Marriage Which of the following terms refers to the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents? neological residence A(n) __________ is a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household. extended family In recent years, married and cohabiting couples with more __________ about women's and men's roles have tended to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and childcare responsibilities. egalitarian ideas The difference between the terms child-free and childless is based on __________. a. whether the man and the woman communicate in the same regional dialect b. whether a child was desired in the first place c. whether the children are old enough to be called "adults" d. whether infertility was due to problems with the man or the woman Children in single-parent households are at a greater risk of lower standards of living primarily because of __________. having fewer economic resources than two-parent households The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________. Polygyny Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight on the roles that people play as family members and how they modify or adapt these roles to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the __________ on the family as a social institution. symbolic interactionist perspective Which of the following is a true statement about cohabitation? a. Cohabitation is more likely to serve as a transition into marriage for women with lower levels of education and income than for cohabiting women with higher levels. b. Compared with children who reside with married parents, cohabiting couples with children typically hold lower-income positions. c. Individuals who are statistically most likely to cohabit are people who have always been unmarried. d. No alternatives to cohabitation exist for LGBTQ couples. __________ refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's parents. patrilocal residence Which of the following families is primarily responsible for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for family members? a. feudal families b. neolithic families c. preindustrial families d. contemporary families Identify a medical procedure by which medical professionals help infertile couples achieve pregnancy. in vitro fertilization The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________. Exogamy To accurately reflect the contemporary changes in family life, the text provides an encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is __________. a. a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group b. a social network of people into which a person is born, which is composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household for a span of more than 20 years c. a group of people that consists of a husband and a wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from a new marriage d. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption __________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men. Polyandry __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class. Homogamy Identify a true statement about patrilineal descent. a. This pattern is used in the United States to determine kinship and inheritance rights. b. This pattern is used for tracing kinship in industrial societies. c. It is a system of tracing descent through one's father's side of the family. d. It is the most common pattern of bilateral descent. In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important; having a large number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival. extended families Sociologist Arlie Hochschild used the term __________ to refer to the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job. second shift Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents. Rachael lives in a(n) __________. extended family __________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place. the family of orientation Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of homogamy? a. Jane marries Mark who is five years older than her. b. Selene marries her sister's best friend Adrian. c. Marla marries her childhood sweetheart Xavier. d. Kim marries Han who is from the same social class as Kim. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is __________. Unconstitutional In the context of the functionalist perspective on the family as a social institution, sexual regulation is one of the key functions that families serve in advanced industrial societies. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________. Macrolevel Identify an accurate statement about cohabitation. a. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms cohabiting partner and domestic partner interchangeably when referring to individuals who cohabit. b. Compared with children who reside with married parents, cohabiting couples with children have more years of formal education. c. Individuals who are statistically most likely to cohabit are typically under age 45. d. Attitudes about cohabitation have remained unchanged over the past three decades. One of the factors that increase the risk of divorce is __________. getting married young (under 25 years of age) The term __________ refers to a situation in which two people live together and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married. Cohabitation Which of the following would not be considered a microlevel reason for high rates of teenage pregnancy? a. Some teenage males believe, because of double standards, that females should be responsible for contraception. b. Many teenagers do not receive accurate information about how to use contraception. c. Lack of education and employment opportunities in urban and rural areas discourage aspirations in teenagers. d. Many sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives. According to Talcott Parsons, the wife/mother of a family fulfills the __________ by running the household, caring for children, and meeting the emotional needs of family members. expressive role Today, most sociologists in the United States would consider two gay men and their adopted children sharing the same household to be a(n) __________. nuclear family __________ are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death. exocentric system Which of the following is an accurate statement about matrilineal descent? a. In this pattern, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle to his nephew. b. This pattern is used in the United States to determine kinship and inheritance rights. c. In this pattern, girls tend to be considered more expendable than boys. d. Using this pattern, mothers usually pass on their property to daughters. Which of the following is true about adoption? a. All states have enforced "right-to-know" laws in the United States. b. An adopted child has fewer rights than a biological child. c. Matching adoptable children with prospective adoptive parents is a straightforward process. d. A new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions. According to Talcott Parsons, the husband/father of a family fulfills the __________ by meeting the family's economic needs, making important decisions, and providing leadership. instrumental role Most people in the United States practice __________. homogamy __________ is the term used to refer to the concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex. Polygamy __________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources. extended families Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time. serial monogamy __________ is the practice or state of being married to one person at a time. Monogamy The term __________ refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. Heritage A(n) __________ is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother). matriarchal family __________ view families as permeable, capable of being diffused or invaded so that their original purpose is modified. Postmodernists __________ is a system of tracing one's descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family. bilateral descent Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce? a. Most divorces today are granted only if a marriage breaks down because of a specific partner. b. Most states require that the partner seeking the divorce prove misconduct on the part of the other spouse. c. The divorce laws passed today are less lenient than the ones before. d. Divorce allows former spouses to remarry if they so choose. The Olfang tribespeople of the country of Bethania ensure that their men travel at least 60 miles to find a bride. This is to guarantee that the tribespeople marry outside their tribe because they are forbidden to marry within their own community. The Olfang tribespeople practice __________. exogamy __________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women. Polygyny __________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide. Polyandry Symbolic interactionists Berger and Kellner highlight the importance of __________ for a marital relationship. shared reality that is constructed by families Valerie is a close friend of Rhea's mother. Rhea's family loves spending time with Valerie, and Rhea is fond of Valerie's company. From the information given in the scenario, Valerie is most likely to be Rhea's __________. fictive kin Identify a true statement about domestic partnerships. a. State and federal laws are in unison regarding domestic partnerships. b. Civil unions give legal rights to domestic partners similar to those accorded to spouses in marriage. c. Same-sex partners who opt for domestic partnerships also enter into a legally binding same-sex marriage. d. Civil unions are available in all states to all types of couples in the United States. A dual-earner marriage is one in which __________. both spouses of a family are in the labor force Kira and her husband Hiroto had a baby with the help of assisted reproductive technologies. This family, which consists of herself, Hiroto, and their baby, is Kira's __________. family of procreation Which of the following generations is made up of young adults who are more open to gay rights than are previous generations? Millennials Which of the following is a true statement about matriarchy? a. Across cultures, women are the primary decision makers regarding domestic and social concerns facing the family. b. It is the most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families. c. This family structure increases the educational and employment opportunities available to a family's children. d. Scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true matriarchies ever existed. A __________ refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted some of the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples. domestic partnership Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that required children to attend school until they reached a specified age or until they completed a minimum level of formal education. Which of the following is a latent function of education that originated as a result of these laws restricting certain activities such as unemployment According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are the hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These functions are called __________. latent functions Detracking is a major concern for parents of high-achieving students because: a. they believe that detracking, which involves simplifying the secondary school curricula, is unlikely to challenge their children's minds. b. they often believe their children are losing out because lower-achieving students are in their courses. c. they believe their children are more likely to maximize their potential if placed with less-talented students. d. they often believe their children's high academic performance is a result of the influence of the mixed group in which they study. A major trend in religion in the United States has been the rise of __________, who are people who follow any of the world religions, are fearful of secularization, and believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity. Fundamentals An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality. social control In the context of the types of religious organizations, a religious organization that is so integrated into the dominant culture that it claims all members of a society as its members is termed a(n) __________. Ecclesia Conflict theorists criticize the practice of tracking because: a. it is based on the assumption that ethnic pluralism in classes leads to social stability. b. it negatively affects the potential of high-achieving students by pairing them with less-able or less-talented students. c. it is based on the assumption that intensifying secondary school curricula will increase the academic achievement of all students. d. it negatively affects the educational performance of students who are labeled "underachievers." One of the challenges facing U.S. public schools is competition from charter schools. In this context, which of the following is an advantage of charter schools over traditional public schools? a. Charter schools provide a large number of minority students with a higher-quality education than they would receive in the public schools in their area. b. Public charter schools are secular, whereas traditional public schools are always affiliated to a particular religion. c. Charter schools provide more autonomy for individual students and teachers because they are more bureaucratic than public schools. d. Public charter schools have zero turnover, whereas traditional public schools have high dropout rates. In analyzing the values and functions of education, sociologists using a functionalist framework state that some functions of education are __________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. manifest functions Kevin, a middle-aged man, neither believes in any god nor in any supernatural forces. However, he believes in principles such as truth, justice, and tolerance for others and seeks to fulfill his true potential by attaining an elevated state of consciousness. In this scenario, Kevin is most likely an adherent of __________. transcendent idealism In the context of the sociological perspectives on religion, __________ emphasizes the ways in which religious beliefs and rituals can bind people together in a society. Functionalism Many analysts believe that lagging test scores are a sign that problems exist in the U.S. educational system. From a __________, increased training for teachers and more-stringent academic requirements for students are the best ways to address these problems. functionalist perspective Conflict theorists argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class. In this context, schools for __________ are likely to emphasize creative activities in which students express their own ideas and apply them to the subject under consideration, as well as building students' analytical and critical-thinking skills. affluent students In the context of the key components of religion, across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing. Sacred High dropout rates are a major problem facing contemporary schools. One of the ways in which dropout rates can be measured is by computing the status dropout rate, which is the __________. a. percentage of people in the general population who have only completed elementary school education b. percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school but does not aim to pursue a college degree c. percentage of people in an age group who are not currently enrolled in school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalent d. percentage of people in the general population who have only earned a high school degree or its equivalent Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as: a. a belief in the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life that have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. b. a doctrine or written text that comes from sources such as the Bible or the Quran. c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations to help people interpret the meaning of life and establish a direction for their behavior. d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for over the past __________ years. 100,000 One of the challenges facing U.S. public schools is competition from school voucher programs. However, voucher programs are considered controversial for various reasons. Which of the following is one of these reasons? a. Most critics believe that school voucher programs provide a negative environment to students because of the prevalence of racial segregation, which is nonexistent in public schools. b. Most critics believe that school voucher programs lead to an increase in secularization because private schools are seldom religious. c. Some critics believe that giving taxpayer money to parents so that they can spend it at private schools violates constitutional requirements for the separation of church and state. d. Some critics claim that voucher programs are less effective in educating children than public schools because studies show that public school students, unlike voucher students, reach state proficiency requirements.