Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
scientific method Correct answer-a logical problem-solvingtechnique that requires
reasoning, skepticism, and direction. It is used to discover the truth by confirming (or rejecting
hypotheses, thoughts, and ideas.
null hypothesis Correct answer-states that the expected cause (ind. var.) has no effect on
the outcome (dep. var.)
hypothesis Correct answer-a rational explanation of a phenomenon that has not been
proven; it is the starting point for scientific experimentation and is an empirically testable
conjecture.
theory Correct answer-an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many
observations and experiments; it is a scientifically supported explanation regarding a
phenomenon at the current level of understanding, and may be used to make useful
predictions. These are explanations that are in need of replication and verification by other
knowledgeable scientists working in the same area.
fact Correct answer-something that is always true. In science, these are verifiable and are
verified by repeated experiments conducted by different researchers who yield the same data.
scientific law Correct answer-a formal scientific statement that describes a phenomenon
that has been scientifically proven to absolutely and invariably occur under given conditions.
These are led to be true and universal statements of fact meant to describe phenomena
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
models Correct answer-simplified substitutes that make concepts or processes easier to
visualize and understand.
scientific design Correct answer-a procedure to create a fair test of a hypothesis. a
completely fair test is one that shows no bias or favoritism toward any variable, whether
controlled or uncontrolled, within the experiment.
experimental design Correct answer-the blueprint of the procedure for a fair test of a
hypothesis. This yields unbiased data from which a conclusion is drawn regarding the
relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is the logical and complete
conceptual framework for an experiment and must be completed before the experiment begins.
problem statement Correct answer-a clear definition of the problem to be investigated.
The hypothesis is based on this.
independent variable Correct answer-the factor being tested and is manipulated by the
researcher.
dependent variable Correct answer-a measurement of the independent variable
test group Correct answer-the selected participants in the group that is in keeping with
the intent of the independent variable
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
control group Correct answer-a subset of the target group, and is used as a comparison
to show any changes in the target group that occurred because of the independent variable.
Once established, the remainder of the target group becomes the treatment group.
treatment group Correct answer-the population that will receive the independent
variable "treatment"
uncontrolled variables Correct answer-a major source of experimental error and may
render the data useless
SI Units Correct answer-how measurements in science are expressed---typically metric
base units Correct answer-what SI is built upon. These define the unit absolutely and do
not require referencing other units. These are then combined with SI prefixes to make the unit
of measure smaller or larger
precision Correct answer-refers to how close several measured values are to each other
accuracy Correct answer-how close the measured values are to the true or actual value
charts Correct answer-refine raw data into an organized format
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
graphs Correct answer-there are many of these used in science; the three most common
are line, bar, and pie
percent error Correct answer-compares experimental results with a known or expected
value
experimental error Correct answer-occurs in most student experiments and comprises
the concept of a fair test of the hypothesis
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Correct answer-on file in a lab, this helps teachers
know the proper use, storage, and disposal of chemicals.
inventory Correct answer-includes a list of chemicals, dates, and amounts for a lab
solid Correct answer-has a definite volume and does not need a container to maintain its
shape. The structure of these can be either crystalline or amorphous.
crystalline solid Correct answer-has a regular and repeating arrangement of particles,
such as atoms, ions, or molecules. The four types include: ionic, molecular, network, and
metallic.
amorphous solid Correct answer-has no regular or repeating arrangement of particles,
has definite volume, and does not need a container to maintain its shape
scientific method Correct answer-a logical problem-solvingtechnique that requires
reasoning, skepticism, and direction. It is used to discover the truth by confirming (or rejecting
hypotheses, thoughts, and ideas.
null hypothesis Correct answer-states that the expected cause (ind. var.) has no effect on
the outcome (dep. var.)
hypothesis Correct answer-a rational explanation of a phenomenon that has not been
proven; it is the starting point for scientific experimentation and is an empirically testable
conjecture.
theory Correct answer-an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many
observations and experiments; it is a scientifically supported explanation regarding a
phenomenon at the current level of understanding, and may be used to make useful
predictions. These are explanations that are in need of replication and verification by other
knowledgeable scientists working in the same area.
fact Correct answer-something that is always true. In science, these are verifiable and are
verified by repeated experiments conducted by different researchers who yield the same data.
scientific law Correct answer-a formal scientific statement that describes a phenomenon
that has been scientifically proven to absolutely and invariably occur under given conditions.
These are led to be true and universal statements of fact meant to describe phenomena
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
models Correct answer-simplified substitutes that make concepts or processes easier to
visualize and understand.
scientific design Correct answer-a procedure to create a fair test of a hypothesis. a
completely fair test is one that shows no bias or favoritism toward any variable, whether
controlled or uncontrolled, within the experiment.
experimental design Correct answer-the blueprint of the procedure for a fair test of a
hypothesis. This yields unbiased data from which a conclusion is drawn regarding the
relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is the logical and complete
conceptual framework for an experiment and must be completed before the experiment begins.
problem statement Correct answer-a clear definition of the problem to be investigated.
The hypothesis is based on this.
independent variable Correct answer-the factor being tested and is manipulated by the
researcher.
dependent variable Correct answer-a measurement of the independent variable
test group Correct answer-the selected participants in the group that is in keeping with
the intent of the independent variable
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
control group Correct answer-a subset of the target group, and is used as a comparison
to show any changes in the target group that occurred because of the independent variable.
Once established, the remainder of the target group becomes the treatment group.
treatment group Correct answer-the population that will receive the independent
variable "treatment"
uncontrolled variables Correct answer-a major source of experimental error and may
render the data useless
SI Units Correct answer-how measurements in science are expressed---typically metric
base units Correct answer-what SI is built upon. These define the unit absolutely and do
not require referencing other units. These are then combined with SI prefixes to make the unit
of measure smaller or larger
precision Correct answer-refers to how close several measured values are to each other
accuracy Correct answer-how close the measured values are to the true or actual value
charts Correct answer-refine raw data into an organized format
, Praxis 5435 Exam with Complete Solutions
graphs Correct answer-there are many of these used in science; the three most common
are line, bar, and pie
percent error Correct answer-compares experimental results with a known or expected
value
experimental error Correct answer-occurs in most student experiments and comprises
the concept of a fair test of the hypothesis
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Correct answer-on file in a lab, this helps teachers
know the proper use, storage, and disposal of chemicals.
inventory Correct answer-includes a list of chemicals, dates, and amounts for a lab
solid Correct answer-has a definite volume and does not need a container to maintain its
shape. The structure of these can be either crystalline or amorphous.
crystalline solid Correct answer-has a regular and repeating arrangement of particles,
such as atoms, ions, or molecules. The four types include: ionic, molecular, network, and
metallic.
amorphous solid Correct answer-has no regular or repeating arrangement of particles,
has definite volume, and does not need a container to maintain its shape
