NSG 533 (NSG533)

COPD and the alveolar capillary membrane in COPD, alveoli is damaged, which can destroy pulmonary capillary --> loss of surface area for gas exchange --> hypoxia fibrotic lung disorders and the alveolar capillary membrane scarring/thickening of the lung tissue --> lungs do not expand well --> dyspnea two factors that affect blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature 1. vasoconstriction 2. decreased cardiac output etiology/risk factors of pneumonia RESTRICTIVE -...

Progressive Stage of Shock Compensatory mechanisms are failing, anaerobic metabolism fails to maintain energy needs. Profound vasodilation from SNS failure results in ischemia, increasing lactic acid, metabolic acidosis, increased capillary pressure/interstitial edema, altered cellular functioning and cell membrane permeability (lysosomes released and auto-digest cells). Refractory Stage of Shock Irreversible changes in organ function, may patients won't survive. Tissue perfusion worse...

MODS: mortality The mortality rate increases with increased number of organ dysfunctions 20% mortality rate if there is 1 organ dysfunction 40-45% mortality rate if there are 2 organs dysfunctions 68-70% mortality rate if there are 3 organ dysfunctions 80-85% mortality rate if there are 4 organ dysfunctions Sepsis: patho -Clinical manifestations of shock are persistent low arterial pressure, low tissue perfusion, low SVR from vasodilation, and alteration in oxygen extraction by all...

calculate cariac output heart rate x stroke volume factors that determine cardiac output what is preload? two factors that determine preload: two factors that impact end systolic volume what is afterload? three factors that impact myocardial contractility: what is an inotrope? positive inotropic agents Negative inotropic agents what's an artery what's a vein vascular compliance calculate BP systolic bloo...

Adipocytes vs Adipokines Cytes: cells; stores triglycerides Kines: hormones; control food intake, energy expenditures, lipid storage, insulin sensitivity, etc Obesogens -Chemicals that stimulate fat development and disrupt hormone signals -Can cross placenta and in breast milk, passed down in generations Obesogens exposure routes and examples Placenta, breast milk, intake, pollutants -phytoestrogens -pesticides -plastics -cleaners Leptin -Hormone that inhibits appetite and p...

Tx for bipolar -Lithium ("A") was the first medication approved for treatment of bipolar mania and depression. It reduces the incidence of recurrence of mania, hypomania, and depression by about two-thirds. Lithium has a significant anti-suicide effect with an estimated eight- to ninefold reduction in risk. It is dosed at nighttime or twice daily. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic window, and there are numerous drug-drug interactions (including serotonergic drugs). -Both olanzapine (Zypre...

List sources of lead in the environment Water, artificial turf, imported candy, alternative medicines and herbal remedies, sindoor, old and imported toys, and occupational hazards. What are the hematological, renal, and skeletal effects of plumbism in children? -Anemia, -damaged proximal tubules and loop of Henle, -interstitial nephritis, -nephrotoxicity, -decreased metabolism of Vit D (and therefore calcium), -slows the growth of long bones and overall decreased growth rate. ...

How to take bile acid sequestrants Bempedoic Acid can increase Lipid lowering agents that are safe in pregnancy Most effective triglyceride lowering drugs PCSK9 inhibitors APTT range for heparin therapy Warfain inhibits which clotting factors? INR value for warfarin Why is warfarin initiated with a fast acting heparin? Direct thrombin inhibitors NOACs

Complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to enzymatic degradation by endonucleases. Karyolysis -these 3 changes (Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis lead to destruction of the nucleus- which will eventually cause the cell to die) Discuss the relationship of apoptosis to AIDS HIV indirectly triggers programmed cell death/apoptosis that contributes to the decline in CD4 T lymphocyte counts throughout the course of HIV infection. The HIV induced; premature destruction of l...