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HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 3, Question with accurate answers, 100% Accurate, rated A+
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HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 3, Question with accurate answers, 100% Accurate, rated A+ Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some Western European nations? - -American medicine lagged behind the advances in medical science, experimental research and medica...

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  • February 21, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 3,
Question with accurate answers, 100%
Accurate, rated A+

Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some Western European
nations? - ✔✔-American medicine lagged behind the advances in medical science, experimental
research and

medical education and maintained a domestic character because...

(i) Americans had a tendency to neglect research in basic sciences and placed more emphasis on

applied sciences

(ii) American attitudes about medical treatment placed emphasis on natural history and

conservative common sense.



Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the preindustrial era?

How did urbanization change that? - ✔✔-1) Medical Practice was in disarray- Anyone could practice
without restriction or training

2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise

3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of hospitals

4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family folk-remedies), economic

conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs (fee for service)

5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted entry, and deficient in

science based training



Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid professionals because..

a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more family-based remedies

b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the sick

c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible- telephones, cars,

roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable

, d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians



Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was

inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change that? - ✔✔-
Demand was low because:

- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk remedies. Most "physicians" had no
expertise to offer

- Not affordable

- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time lost)

- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip back and forth

- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service



Science and technology led to..

- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training became necessary and

medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by families

- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine became widely

recognized

- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the judgement

of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and expertise

- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions made by physicians-

admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting medical leave,

worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.



How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of

physicians? - ✔✔-a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to keep the beds filled- empowered
physicians

and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them satisfied even

though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had enormous influence over

hospital policy.

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