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PSYC300 Lecture Notes

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Course
PSYC 300A

Institution
University Of British Columbia (UBC )

Discover the fascinating world of abnormal psychology with comprehensive lecture notes for PSYC300. Delve into the study of psychological disorders, exploring their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Gain insights into the complexities of mental health conditions and the impact they have o...

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Uploaded on May 11, 2023
Number of pages 58
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Sheila woody
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psyc300
ethical issue
legal issues
childhood disorders
neurodevelopmental
personality
personality disorders
substance abuse
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abnormal psychology
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schizophrenia
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PSYC300
Sep 10th – Chapter 1 (Abnormal Psych Intro)

Psychopathology
- Psychopathology
 The field concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behaviour, thoughts, and
feeling.
- Demonology
 The doctrine that an evil being, such as the devil, may dwell within a person and control his or
her mind and body
- Somatogensis: development from bodily origins, as distinguished from psychological origins
- Psychogenesis: the belief that a disturbance has psychological origins.

What is Abnormal?
- Can be determined by statistical infrequency
 Low frequency  depression
 Middle frequency  ‘normal’
 High frequency  mania
- Violation of social norms
 Threatens others or makes them anxious
 Outside prevailing cultural norms
- Personal distress/suffering
 Some disorders do not include distress
- Disability or Dysfunction
 Impairment in some important area of life such as work or personal relationships
- Unexpected Responses to environmental stressors
 Earthquake/Accident  PTSD, emotional shock (natural)
 Bad news/Prof is late  unexpected, overemotional response

Historical Views
- Events beyond the control of humans (storms, weather, crop failure) was seen as supernatural (including
abnormal behaviour)
- Hippocrates (400 BC)
 Viewed disorders due to bodily disorders (bodily problems)
 Didn’t believe in satanic position, believed in science and diseases
 First somatic view of disorders
- Dark Ages (200 AD)
 Church replaced physicians
- Middle Ages (1200 AD)
 Demonology and witches were blamed for bad events and behaviour
- 1486  Pope Innocent VIII’s Malleus Maleficarum
- 15th – 16th centuries  Establishment of asylums
- The Enlightenment ‘Age of Reason’
 18th Century, intellectuals in Europe and America began to use scientific research, rational
thought, and reasoning to understand the causes of things and advance society
 Opposed superstition, the government and church, and took aim at scientific reason
 Health care gradually returned to secular control
- 1970’s – present
 Deinstitutionalization
 Make hospitals smaller with more care and humane treatment
- 2002  Romanow Report

,  “Medicare coverage should cover mental health”
- 2007  Canadian Mental Health Commission
 Develop a strategy for the country to develop mental health support and resources.

Figures
- Franz Anton Mesmer (1734 – 1815)
 Disorders and physical disorders were caused by magnetic fluids
 Developed hypnotism to influence magnetic fluids in the body to treat disorders
- Benjamin Rush
 Father of American Psychiatrist
 Believed disorders were due to excess blood in the brain
 Used bloodletting as treatment
- Phillippe Pinel (1745 – 1826)
 Began the humanitarian movement
 Wanted patients to be treated with care and respect  removed chains, gave them light airy
rooms, allowed them to walk around, gave them meals, etc.
 Drugs were most common treatment in his hospital
- Dorothea Dix (1802 – 1877)
 Resurrected Pinel’s movement of humanitarian care
 Advocated for basic humane conditions for people in mental asylums in Canada and around the
world.
- Emil Kraepelin (1883)
 Created first classification based on biological dysfunction

Somatogensis Theories
- Something is physically (somatically) wrong, disturbs thought and behaviour
- Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC)  mania, melancholia (depression), brain fever
- General paresis and syphilis
 Steady deterioration of physical and mental abilities  delusion, paralysis
 1800  discovered syphilis was cause of general paresis (health effect)
 Less serotonin (bodily hormones and neurotransmitters)  depression
 Infection in childhood  could lead to disorders (viral infection)
- Treatments
 Hypnosis  influence magnetic fluids
 Medications help balance neurotransmitters
 ECT  electric shock therapy
 Lobotomy  psychosurgery

Psychogenesis Theories
- Something is mentally (psychologically) wrong, disturbs thought and behaviour
- Charcot (1825 – 1893)
 Hypnosis
 Students made patient look hysterical (show symptoms through suggestions)  perfectly healthy
patient changed through hypnosis, Charcot realized power of psychology and subconscious
 Believed in a psychological cause for some symptoms
 Mental illness is due to a psychological malfunction
- 20 Century ideas
th

 Developmental problem (psychosexual)
 Reinforcement for problematic behaviour
 Environment (stress, social support, traumatic life events, education)

, - Moral treatment, token economy, psychotherapy, etc. psychological interventions born from these
findings

Supernatural Theories
- Supernatural theories: a troubled mind is due to displeasure from gods or demons
 Ancient Greeks, Chines, Babylonians, Hebrews
- Treatment:
 Ostracism  banishing and alienating one to go into exile
 Exorcism  elaborate prayer rituals to torture as a way of making the body inhospitable for a
demon
 Trepanning  surgical opening in the skull for demons to escape
o Widespread practice
o Originated in Siberia

Canadian Stigma
- 72% of Canadians tell friends and co-workers family members are diagnosed with cancer (physical
illness) vs. 50% reveal of mental illness
- 27% say they feel fearful being around someone mentally ill
- 42% are uncertain if they would socialize with a friend with mental illness
- 30% believe mental illness hurts the economy
- 89% believe mental illness require treatment, 40% said they will deal with it themselves.

Reducing Stigma
- Language  the words you use and how to describe mental illness can make a difference
- Education  knowing the facts and myths can help end stigma
- Be kind  simple acts of kindness can help open the conversation
- Listen and ask  ask how you can help in recovery
- Talk about it

Sep 13th – Chapter 1 (Abnormal Psych Intro)
Diagnostic Classification
- “Classifications are fictions imposed on a complex world to understand it and manage it” = Mataix-Cols,
Pertusa, & Leckman
- Development of the DSM began in the early 19th Century
 DSM  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
 Medical field developed diagnostic system, and health care improved
 Attempts were made to classify behavioural disorders (UK, France, US)
 Classifications were inconsistent and not well accepted
- Development of the DSM  mid-20th Century
 1948: World Health Organization produced ICD
 1952: American Psychiatric Association produced first DSM
- Development of DSM  1960s
 1968: APA published DSM-II, with a supplemental glossary
 1969: WHO revised ICD, just with a list of disorders
- ICD-II and DSM-II just gave a list of disorders
 Problematic  no treatment method, assumptions rely on professionals, no causes, no
specifications of severity of disorders to be classified

Modern DSM
- 1980: DSM-III
 Major revision included more disorders, symptom checklists

, - 1998: DSM-IV
 Task force used lit reviews, analyzed old data, collected new data
- 2000: DSM-IV-TR
 Clarified text – few substantive changes
- 2013: DSM-5
- Influences on the DSM-5
 Relies on empirical research on phenomenology & aetiology
 Relies on a clinical experience
 Influenced by cultural mindset
 Dependent on historical legacy (history of disorders)
 Professional and Societal Politics

Categorical & Dimensional perspectives
- Categorical
 Yes or No answer
 Does this person have high blood pressure?
- Dimensional
 Threshold for diagnosis
 More detailed response
 Where does the person’s blood pressure fall on the measurement?
- Strengths of DSM-Style Categories
 Permits shorthand communication
 Easier allocation of health care services
 Testing treatment efficacy
 Understanding the aetiology of psychopathology
 Better understanding the phenomenon of each problem
 Enhances diagnostic reliability
- Weaknesses of DSM-style categories
 Fosters false sense of discontinuity between normal and abnormal behaviour
 Information is lost
 Stigmatization of labelling
 DSM version of categories has become overly complex, perhaps bloated.

Reliability & Validity
- Inter-rater reliability
 The reproducibility or consistency of decisions between two reviewers and is a necessary
component of validity
 Agreement between more than one rater
 Do they agree on the same diagnosis and severity?
- Construct validity
 The degree to which inferences can legitimately be made from the operationalizations in your
study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were based
 The extent to which having a category allows you to assess and find a difference between people
with labels and people without.
- Causes of Schizophrenia: genetic predisposition, stressful experiences, maternal viral infection
- Schizophrenia symptoms: memory impairment, poor social skills, episodic course, favourable response to
some drug therapies.

Sep 15th – Chapter 2 (Psychopathology)

Paradigm Basic Tenets Examples of Research Methods Factors of Clinical

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