Class notes
path3500 Hemophilic disease notes
- Course
- Path3500
- Institution
- University Of Western Ontario (UWO )
Hemophilic lecture notes
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
PATH3500HEMATOLYMPHOID PATHOLOGY 2
Normal blood cells
- Peripheral blood smears are done when patients get CBCs
o Neutrophils are paler, eosinophils brighter red, basophils dark
Blood cell components: bone marrow origin
- Have pluripotential stem cell that can differentiate into different lines
o 2 main ones are myeloid stem cells + lymphoid stem cells; how you end up w/ RBCs,
WBCs, neutrophils, etc.
Blood cells – normal function
- RBC
o Oxygen transport
- WBCs
o Infections: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
o Normal response to tissue injury, e.g. infarction
o Allergic, autoinflammatory diseases
- Platelets
o Preservation of blood vessel integrity (platelet plug formation) & participation in
coagulation
Blood abnormalities
- Few questions you ask:
o (1) what cell line(s) is affected?
o (2) what is abnormality? Too much? Too little?
- If result is outside of normal range, can infer if too much or too little
RBCs abnormalities
- Measured by hemoglobin concentration
- Too little = anemia (more common)
o Too much = polycythemia (less common)
- Bc of decreased hemoglobin concentration, have reduced oxygen transport ability of blood
- Can be asymptomatic (patient doesn’t feel anything, usually found through routine check ups) or
symptomatic
o Symptoms: headache, fatigue, light-headedness
o Signs: increased HR, palor
Anemia – causes
- 2 ways to classify anemia:
- (1) pathophysiologic
o Decreased RBC production – not enough RBCs produced in bone marrow
, ▪ Issues w/ production/maturation
▪ E.g. aplastic anemia, vitamin deficiency like in iron, B12, or folic acid, drugs,
thalassemia (inherent production problem), myelodysplasia (malignancy
affection bone marrow precursor cells), infiltration by other malignancies
o Increased blood loss
▪ Acute blood loss, e.g. trauma
▪ Chronic blood loss, e.g. colorectal tumours/lesions (many patients develop
polyps bc if they progress, can become cancerous mass); polyps + malignant
tumours can bleed
o Increased RBC destruction
▪ Decreased RBCs from destruction
▪ Can be due to RBC defects (intrinsic) that make it weaker than normal RBCs or
destruction by factors outside of RBCs (extrinsic)
• E.g. sickle cells often shear + tear apart that can cause destruction
within vessels – intrinsic
• E.g. can develop immune response against antibodies where antibody-
mediated destruction is initiated – extrinsic
• E.g. mechanical heart valves function in place of normal valve, RBCs that
go through can get destroyed bc of different material – extrinsic
▪ Intrinsic destruction
• Hemoglobinopathy: sickle cell disease
• Globin synthesis: thalassemia syndromes
• Membrane abnormalities: hereditary spherocytosis
▪ Extrinsic destruction
• Immune (antibody) mediated
• Non-immune mediated (e.g. heart valve)
- (2) morphologic
o Based on appearance (morphology) of RBCs
o Classification based on:
▪ (i) RBC size (measured by mean corpuscular volume)
• Microcytic – smaller than normal
• Normocytic – less RBCs
• Macrocytic – larger than normal
▪ (ii) decreased of hemoglobinization (measured by mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration)
• Normochromic – normal hemoglobin content
• Hypochromic – less than hemoglobin content
o Can have different situations when combined:
▪ (i) normocytic normochromic (less RBC in system but nothing abnormal)
• E.g. acute blood loss, many chronic diseases + malignancies
▪ (ii) microcytic hypochromic
• E.g. iron deficiency anemia, thalassemias (hereditary disorders w/ ↓
production of Hb due to Hb gene deletions)
▪ (iii) macrocytic (always normochromic)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller kyuju. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$11.50. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83225 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now