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SOCIAL PSYC - Chapter 7
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Notes from Textbook: Myers, D., Spencer, S., & Jordan, C., Smith, S, & Spencer, S. (2018) Social Psychology (7th Canadian Edition). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Social Psychology - PSYC 2120 Comprehensive Chapter Notes

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  • December 16, 2018
  • 7
  • 2018/2019
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GROUP INFLUENCE

What is a Group?

-all groups have one thing in common: their members interact. Group: two or more people who interact
and infuence one another

-different groups help us meet different human needs: to afliatee to achieve and to gain social idenity

-3 examples of collecive infuence are: social facilitaione social loafng and deindividualizaion

-4 examples of social infuence in interacing groups are: group polarizaione groupthinke leadershipe and
minority infuence

Social Facilitatoo: how are we afectee by the preseoce of others?

-The Mere Presence of Others:

-‘mere presence’ means that the people are not compeinge do not reward or punish and in fact do
nothing expect be present as a passive audience

-the presence of others improves the speed with which people do simple tasks

-these social facilitatoo effects also occur in animals

-howevere other studies started to reveal that having others around actually hinders performance

-BASICALLYe arousal enhances whatever response tendency is dominant. Increased arousal enhances
performance on easy tasks for which the most likely dominant response is correcte

-on complex taskse for which the correct answer is not dominante increased arousal promotes
incorrect responses

-Crowding: The Presence of Many Others:

-in imes of stresse a comrade can be comforing. Howevere with others presente people may also tend to
get more stressed  having others present on complex tasks decreases performance

-the effect of other’s also increases with numbers

-being in a crowd also intensifes posiive or negaive reacions. When they sit close togethere friendly
people are liked even more and unfriendly people are disliked even more.

-BASICALLYe crowdinge had a similar effect to being observed by a crowd: it enhances arousale which
facilitates the dominant response

Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others?

-there is evidence to support 3 possible factors:

1. Evaluatoo Appreheosioo: the enhancement of the dominant response is strongest when
people are being evaluated. The self-consciousness we feel when being evaluated can also
interfere with behaviours that we perform best automaically

, 2. Driveo by Distractoo: when people wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is
reacinge they get distracted. This arousal comes not from the presence of another person but
even from a non-human distracione such as a burst of light
3. Mere Preseoce: the mere presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluaion
apprehension or arousing distracion. Recall that facilitaion effects also occur with non-human
creatures. This fnding hints at an innate social arousal mechanism common to much of the
zoological world

Social Loafon: Do Ioeivieuals Exert Less Efort io a Group?

Many Hands Makes Light Work:

-contrary to the common noion that “in unity there is strength”. Group members may actually be less
moivated when performing addiive tasks  social loafon

-in group condiionse people are tempted to free-riee on the group effort

-to moivate group memberse one strategy is to make individual performance idenifable. Whether in a
group of note people exert more effect when their output is individually idenifable

Social Loafng in Everyday Life:

-researches have found evidence of social loafng in almost every culturee communitye collecivist and
north American

-howevere someimes the goal is so compelling and maximum output from everyone is so essenial that
team spirit maintains intensity and effect (ie. Olympic teams)

-people in groups load less when the task is challenginge appealing or involving

-people also loaf less when they know the members in the group or know they will see them again

Deioeivieuatoo: Wheo Do People Lost Their Seose of Self io Groups?

Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone:

-groups can arouse peoplee and groups can diffuse responsibility. When arousal and diffused
responsibility combinee and normal inhibiions diminishe the results can be startling

-acts may range from mild lessening of restraint to impulsive self-graifcaion to destrucive
social explosion

-these unrestrained behaviours have something in common: they are somehow provoked by the power
of the group

-people are more likely to abandon normal restraints and to lose their sense of individual responsibility
called eeioeivieuatoo

-circumstances that elicit this response:

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